Honey bee health (Overview)

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The table below represents a list of the most important pests and pathogens including some predators, affecting the health of honey bees in Ethiopia and Indonesia.

For the continent Africa, Kugonza (2020) published a list of present/absent organisms [1]

Table: Pests and pathogens present in Ethiopian and Indonesian honey bee colonies. N/A (not available) stands for a lack of data, +/- stands for a present/absent pest/pathogen.

Viruses Protozoa Bacteria Fungi Insecta Mites Birds Mammals
Amoeba Foulbrood Nosema Chalkbrood Lepidoptera Diptera Coleoptera Hymenoptera Parasitic mites Tracheal mites
DWV, IAPV, SBV, VDV-1 M. mellificae AFB EFB N. apis N. ceranae A. apis G. mellonella A. grisella B. coeca A. tumida Cetoniinae Ants Varroa destructor V. jacobsoni Tropilaelaps spp. A. woodi Meropidae Mellivora capensis
Ethiopia N/A + [2] - [3] - [3] + [2] [4] [5] [6] N/A + [2] [6] + [6] [7] + [6] [7] + [6] [8] + [2] [6] + [2] [6] + [6] [9] [10] + [6] [11] N/A N/A + [6] + [6] [10] [12] + [12] [13]
Indonesia N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + [4] [14] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + [15] + [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] + [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] + [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] - [4] N/A - [21]


Ethiopia: The Holeta Bee Research Center initiated nationwide surveys (5 years rhythm) during the brood season of honey bees to assess the honey bee health in Ethiopia. To detect possible introduced pest/predators/pathogens, the disease monitoring is mainly focused on two areas, one in and around the capital Addis Ababa with its international airport as a risk factor, and the other area near the country's international boarders (pers. communication).

References

  1. ↑ Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.
  5. ↑ Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (Apis mellifera) in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.
  8. ↑ Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice Braula coeca (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.
  9. ↑ Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.
  11. ↑ Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (Apis mellifera L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.
  13. ↑ Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.
  14. ↑ Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.
  15. ↑ Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., …, & Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee Apis cerana provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96-119.
  21. ↑ Jana, M., Vanderhaar, J. M., Hwang, Y.T. (2003). Mellivora capensis. Mammalian Species, 721, 1-8.
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