Viruses
Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known globally. [1]. Important viruses reported in Asia and/or Africa are: Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Sacbrood Virus (SBV), Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Varroa destructor Virus 1 (VDV-1) and Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV and CBPV). [1] [2] Despite there may be similar symptoms such as wing deformation in DWV and VDV-1, the pathogenesis of mentioned viruses differ from each other. The symptoms range from loss of hair to even paralysis of bees. [1] [3]
Ethiopia: So far, 9 different viruses affecting honey bee health were detected in Africa. [1] While multiple viruses were observed in the neighbouring countries (Threats for introduction of new pests), [4] [5] there is a lack of information regarding the honey bee virus status in Ethiopia.
Indonesia: According to Ellis and Munn, 6 different honey bee viruses were observed in Asia. [6] Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on the virus status in Indonesia.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.
- ↑ Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.
- ↑ Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.
- ↑ Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., … Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.
- ↑ Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.
- ↑ Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.
