Difference between revisions of "Varroa"

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''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''
 
''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''
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''''Varroa'''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref>
 
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'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. It is believed, that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like climate conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering) ([[Muli et al. 2014]]; [[Pirk et al. 2015]]).
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'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. It is believed, that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like [[climate]] conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459</ref> <ref>Insert footnote text here</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6</ref>
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'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different [[honey bee species and subspecies]]. Regarding the beekeeping with ''[[A. cerana]]'', studies revealed, that ''V. destructor'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''[[A. cerana]]''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''[[A. cerana]]'' in cleaning and removing ''[[Varroa]]'' mites is not only based on triggering by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data about the infestation rate, nor the mortality rate of ''V. destructor'' relating to ''[[A. mellifera]]'', although in a study of Anderson (1994) ''V. destructor'' was also found in colonies of ''[[A. mellifera]]''. <ref>Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940408</ref> <ref>Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021</ref> <ref>Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, S96–S119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016</ref>
  
  
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'''Indonesia:''' Several species of ''[[Varroa]]'' exist in Indonesia (''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''), known to infest different [[honey bee species and subspecies]]. Regarding the beekeeping with ''[[A. cerana]]'', studies revealed, that ''[[V. destructor]]'' seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of ''[[A. cerana]]''.  Though, increased grooming behavior of ''[[A. cerana]]'' in cleaning and removing ''[[Varroa]]'' mites is not only based on triggering by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data about the infestation rate, nor the mortality rate of ''[[V. destructor]]'' relating to ''[[A. mellifera]]'', although in a study of Anderson (1994) ''[[V. destructor]]'' was also found in colonies of ''[[A. mellifera]]'' ([[Anderson 1994]]; [[Diao et al. 2017]]; [[Gupta et al. 2014]]; [[Oldroyd & Nanork 2009]]; [[Rosenkranz et al. 2010]]).
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==References==
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<references/>

Revision as of 15:07, 8 May 2018

Varroa spp. (Acari; Varroidae) - V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri

'Varroa' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. Varroa weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. [1] [2] [3]


Ethiopia: There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic V. destructor mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. It is believed, that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against V. destructor due to several factors like climate conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). [4] [5] [6]


Indonesia: Several species of Varroa exist in Indonesia (V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri), known to infest different honey bee species and subspecies. Regarding the beekeeping with A. cerana, studies revealed, that V. destructor seems to be not economically important, not only due to the increased hygiene behavior of A. cerana. Though, increased grooming behavior of A. cerana in cleaning and removing Varroa mites is not only based on triggering by exogenous stimuli through visual and olfactory detection, but also on genetics. Unfortunately, there is no data about the infestation rate, nor the mortality rate of V. destructor relating to A. mellifera, although in a study of Anderson (1994) V. destructor was also found in colonies of A. mellifera. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]


References

  1. ↑ Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.
  2. ↑ Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.
  3. ↑ Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.
  4. ↑ Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., … Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094459
  5. ↑ Insert footnote text here
  6. ↑ Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-015-0406-6
  7. ↑ Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940408
  8. ↑ Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., … Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee Apis cerana provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17338-6
  9. ↑ Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1
  10. ↑ Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009021
  11. ↑ Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, S96–S119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.016
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