Difference between revisions of "Climate"

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'''Ethiopia''': There are three to five climate zones (depending on classification of particular authors). The three climate zones, that are widely approved are: "Kolla" (hot zone; 1500-1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "Woina-Dega" (cold-warm zone; 1800-2400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2400-3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1000 - 1200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer.</ref> <ref>Tengnäs & Ensermu Kelbessa 2007</ref> <ref>Gangwar et al. 2010</ref>. In addition, there are following climate zones: "Bereha" (<1500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "Worech" (>3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1200 - 1500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Houérou & Corra 1980</ref>.  
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'''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are three to five climate zones. The widely approved climate zones are: "Kolla" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive;  "Woina-Dega" (cold-warm zone; 1800 - 2400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2400 - 3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1000 - 1200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer.</ref> <ref>Tengnäs & Ensermu Kelbessa 2007</ref> <ref>Gangwar et al. 2010</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "Bereha" (<1500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "Worech" (>3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1200 - 1500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Houérou & Corra 1980</ref>.  
  
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'''Indonesia:''' The prevailing tropical climate is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day-to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain, high humidity and high winds <ref>Seidel D.J., Fu Q., Randel W.J. & Reichler T.J. (2007) Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books/about/Bees_and_beekeeping.html?hl=&id=aaIQAQAAMAAJ
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</ref>. The average temperature is 26 °C and the average reinfall is between <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref> In addition, there are El Niño events in Indonesia, which lead to drought events followed by unsecured food safety <ref>Hughen K.A., Schrag D.P. & Jacobsen S.B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor R.L., Falcon W.P., Rochberg D. & Wada N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref>
  
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{References}
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FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 2018-04-23. URL: http://faostat.fao.org
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==References==
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<references/>

Revision as of 11:35, 30 April 2018

Ethiopia: Depending on different classifications, there are three to five climate zones. The widely approved climate zones are: "Kolla" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive; "Woina-Dega" (cold-warm zone; 1800 - 2400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2400 - 3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1000 - 1200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees [1] [2] [3]. The remaining climate zones are: "Bereha" (<1500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "Worech" (>3500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1200 - 1500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen [4].

Indonesia: The prevailing tropical climate is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day-to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain, high humidity and high winds [5] [6]. The average temperature is 26 °C and the average reinfall is between [7] In addition, there are El Niño events in Indonesia, which lead to drought events followed by unsecured food safety [8] [9]

FAO (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Access date: 2018-04-23. URL: http://faostat.fao.org


References

  1. ↑ Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Springer.
  2. ↑ Tengnäs & Ensermu Kelbessa 2007
  3. ↑ Gangwar et al. 2010
  4. ↑ Houérou & Corra 1980
  5. ↑ Seidel D.J., Fu Q., Randel W.J. & Reichler T.J. (2007) Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38
  6. ↑ Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books/about/Bees_and_beekeeping.html?hl=&id=aaIQAQAAMAAJ
  7. ↑ CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm
  8. ↑ Hughen K.A., Schrag D.P. & Jacobsen S.B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26(20), 3129-3132.
  9. ↑ Naylor R.L., Falcon W.P., Rochberg D. & Wada N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.
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