Difference between revisions of "Climate"
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| − | '''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are three to five climate zones. The widely approved climate zones are: "Kolla" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive; "Woina-Dega" (cold-warm zone; | + | '''Ethiopia:''' Depending on different classifications, there are '''three''' to '''five climate zones'''. The widely approved climate zones are: "'''Kolla'''" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive; "'''Woina-Dega'''" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees. <ref>Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.</ref> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1</ref> <ref>Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.</ref>. The remaining climate zones are: "'''Bereha'''" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "'''Worech'''" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen <ref>Le Houérou, H. N. & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.</ref>. Winds, originating from over the Atlantic ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall in the '''highlands''' (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season is situated in April and May. <ref>Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K. & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.</ref> |
| − | '''Indonesia:''' The prevailing tropical climate is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain, high humidity and high winds. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref>. In addition, there are El Niño events in Indonesia, which lead to drought events followed by unsecured food safety <ref>Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P. & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D. & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> | + | '''Indonesia:''' The prevailing '''tropical climate''' is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain, high humidity and high winds. <ref>Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38</ref> <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.</ref> The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm <ref>CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm</ref>. In addition, there are '''El Niño''' events in Indonesia, which lead to '''drought events''' followed by unsecured food safety <ref>Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P. & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.</ref> <ref>Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D. & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.</ref> |
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 09:44, 23 May 2018
Ethiopia: Depending on different classifications, there are three to five climate zones. The widely approved climate zones are: "Kolla" (hot zone; 1500 - 1800 m altitude) with an average temperature of 26 °C and an average rainfall of 300 - 700 mm, the flowering period is known to be short and therefore the bees are very productive as well as aggressive; "Woina-Dega" (cold-warm zone; 1,800 - 2,400 m altitude) with an average temperature of 22 °C and an average rainfall of 700 - 1,000 mm) and "Dega" (cold zone; 2,400 - 3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 16 °C and an average rainfall of 1,000 - 1,200 mm, flowering occurs throughout the year and there is a lower predator pressure on bees. [1] [2] [3]. The remaining climate zones are: "Bereha" (<1,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of >26 °C and an average rainfall of <300 mm and "Worech" (>3,500 m altitude) with an average temperature of 12 °C and an average rainfall of 1,200 - 1,500 mm). While the highlands of Ethiopia are widely populated, the colder lowland region is only sparsely populated by nomadic and semi-nomadic herdsmen [4]. Winds, originating from over the Atlantic ocean mark seasonal rainy periods resulting in most of its rainfall in the highlands (mid-June to mid-September), as well as short periods of light rains. The second main rainy season is situated in April and May. [5]
Indonesia: The prevailing tropical climate is characterized by its high temperatures throughout the year, the small day- to day changes (overhead sun), droughts, exzessive rain, high humidity and high winds. [6] [7] The average temperature is 26 °C and the average rainfall is at about 300 mm [8]. In addition, there are El Niño events in Indonesia, which lead to drought events followed by unsecured food safety [9] [10]
References
- ↑ Bekele-Tesemma, A., & Tengnäs, B. (2007). Useful Trees and Shrubs of Ethiopia: Identification, Propagation, and Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones. Relma in Icraf Project.
- ↑ Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1
- ↑ Gangwar, S. K., Gebremariam, H., Ebrahim A., & Tajebe, S. (2010). Characteristics of Honey Produced by Different Plant Species in Ethiopia. Advances in Bioresearch, 1(1), 101-105.
- ↑ Le Houérou, H. N. & Corra, M. (1980). Some Browse Plants of Ethiopia. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa.
- ↑ Admasu, A., Kibebew, W., Ensermu, K. & Amssalu, B. (2014). Honeybee Forages of Ethiopia. Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia.
- ↑ Seidel, D. J., Fu, Q., Randel, W. J. & Reichler, T. J. (2007). Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience. published online: www.nature.com/naturegeoscience. doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38
- ↑ Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Comstock Pub Assoc.
- ↑ CCKP (2018). The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal database collection. Washington. Access date: 2018-04-30. URL: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm
- ↑ Hughen, K. A., Schrag, D. P. & Jacobsen, S. B. (1999). El Niño during the last interglacial period recorded by a fossil coral from Indonesia. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(20), 3129-3132.
- ↑ Naylor, R. L., Falcon, W. P., Rochberg, D. & Wada, N. (2001). Using El Niño/Southern Oscillation Climate Data To Predict Rice Production In Indonesia. Climate Change, 50, 255-265.
