Threats for introduction of new pests - Ethiopia
Throughout history, with all the exploration trips and globalization, diseases affecting honey bee health have been spread worldwide. That led to host-shifts of pests/pathogens between introduced and native honey bee species and subspecies. Varroa destructor and Nosema ceranae are known to have swapped over from A. cerana to A. mellifera, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia. On the opposite, Thai Sac Brood Virus, Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus and several tracheal mites were originally observed in A. mellifera before spreading to A. cerana. [1] [2]
Ethiopia: The exchange of diseases or parasites is always possible through neighbouring countries (i.e. Eritrea, Uganda, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan, South-Sudan, or Djibouti). Foulbrood is so far no officially observed disease in Ethiopia, but was detected in Eritrea and therefore may spread through the international border to Ethiopia and other neighbouring countries. [3] Tropilaelaps spp. was discovered in Kenya. [3] While in Uganda only the Black queen cell virus (BQCV) was detected, [4] in Kenya, three viruses affecting the health of honey bees were observed: Deformed Wing Virus, BQCV and Acute bee paralysis virus. [5] Another notable factor is the international trade and transport of honey bee colonies.
- ↑ Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.
- ↑ Theisen-Jones, H., & Bienefeld, K. (2016). The Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana) is Significantly in Decline. Bee World, 93(4), 90–97.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.
- ↑ Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., …, & Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.
- ↑ Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.
