KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the..."

2021-02-23T10:17:57Z

Created page with "'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the..."

DanaMangum95861: Created page with "Wesley Strayhorn is what his wife loves to call him and thinks it sounds quite respectable. Wisconsin is where we've been living for months or even years. Bungee jumping preci..."

2019-06-08T18:28:10Z

Created page with "Wesley Strayhorn is what his wife loves to call him and thinks it sounds quite respectable. Wisconsin is where we've been living for months or even years. Bungee jumping preci..."

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Wesley Strayhorn is what his wife loves to call him and thinks it sounds quite respectable. Wisconsin is where we've been living for months or even years. Bungee jumping precisely what I do every nights. Taking care of animals is my line of business. Go to her website unearth out more: [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/653162752186626546/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/653162752186626546/]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:17, 23 February 2021
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−	~~Wesley Strayhorn~~ is ~~what his wife loves~~ to ~~call him~~ and ~~thinks it sounds quite respectable. Wisconsin is where we~~'~~ve been living for months or even years~~. ~~Bungee jumping precisely what I do every nights. Taking care~~ of ~~animals is my line~~ of ~~business~~. Go to ~~her website unearth out more: [https:~~/~~/www~~.~~pinterest~~.~~com~~/~~pin/653162752186626546/ https~~://~~www~~.~~pinterest~~.~~com~~/~~pin/653162752186626546~~/]	+	'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
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		+	'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).
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		+	==References==
		+	<references/>

Chalkbrood - Ethiopia - Revision history

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the..."

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