SAMSwiki - User contributions [en]

Bahasa

2021-09-20T09:37:57Z

KristinaG:

== [[The SAMSwiki]] ==
=== [[Bagaimana menggunakan SAMSWiki]] ===
=== [[SAMSwiki community]] ===
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== [[Data Penting dalam Perlebahan (Apiculture)]] ==

===[[Spesies dan subspesies lebah madu]]===
===[[Lebah non-Apis yang dikelola untuk produk lebah]] ===

== [[Produk lebah madu dan sektor lebah madu]] ==
Lebah tidak hanya menghasilkan madu, tetapi juga produk-produk lain yang sangat bernilai seperti lilin lebah, serbuk sari (pollen), propolis, beebread atau bahkan induk lebah dapat dianggap sebagai "produk". Dalam bab ini, kata kunci berikut dibahas: madu (produksi, rantai nilai pasar madu), lilin lebah (statistik, penggunaan, ...), serbuk sari (statistik, penggunaan, ...), propolis (statistik, penggunaan,...), analisis impor dan ekspor produk lebah, dan harga produk. Sementara ada pasar yang tidak jelas untuk pollen dan propolis di Indonesia, sektor perlebahan Ethiopia terutama berfokus pada madu dan pada beberapa titik berfokus pada lilin lebah (beeswax). Berdasarkan rangkuman data yang diberikan dari FAO, Ethiopia dapat dianggap sebagai pengekspor madu bersih (kebanyakan ke Eropa), sedangkan Indonesia adalah pengimpor bersih (kebanyakan dari Asia). Harga jual produk lebah juga sangat berbeda antar negara dan bahkan antar wilayah di dalam negara itu sendiri.
===[[Madu]]===
====[[Rantai nilai pasar madu]]====
===[[Lilin lebah]]===
===[[Serbuk sari]]===
===[[Propolis Bahasa]]===
===[[Impor/Ekspor Produk Lebah Madu]]===
===[[Harga]]===

== [[Sumber Pakan Lebah]] ==
Bab berikut membahas topik-topik seperti iklim lokal, beberapa tanaman melifer dan literatur penting, dan siklus utama madu (tanaman, musim). Nektar dan serbuk sari adalah sumber daya utama bagi lebah madu dan lebah harus dapat menemukan jumlah dan kualitas yang cukup dalam radius sumber pakan mereka. Jangkauan area sumber pakan lebah bergantung pada kemampuan tiap spesies lebah, iklim lokal serta lingkungan, tetapi untuk koloni A. mellifera Eropa memiliki daya jangkau mencapai 3 km. Tidak setiap tanaman berbunga menghasilkan nektar dan serbuk sari, dan berbeda dalam hal produksi nektar dan serbuk sari (kandungan protein, jumlah, kualitas dan waktu berbunga). Akibatnya, keanekaragaman sumber pakan lebah di sekitar peternakan lebah menjadi sangat penting bagi kesehatan lebah madu dan dalam arti yang lebih jauh lagi untuk pendapatan peternak lebah. Iklim tropis di Ethiopia dan Indonesia mendukung keanekaragaman flora dan fauna yang tinggi. Sementara, bacaan tentang sumber pakan lebah madu di Ethiopia sudah ada dan perlu disebarluaskan untuk Indonesia, tetapi untuk kalender pembungaan untuk kedua negara masih belum terdata dengan baik.
===[[Iklim]]===
===[[Data Tanaman Melifer dan Literatur Penting]]===
===[[Faktor Utama Penyusun Madu (Tanaman, Musim)]]===
===[[Kalender Pembungaan di Ethiopia]]===
===[[Kalender Pembungaan Indonesia]]===
===[[Tanaman Penting dan Penyerbukan Serangga]]===

== [[Pembiakan lebah]] ==
Pada Bab ini membahas topik-topik sebagai berikut: spesies lebah madu yang digunakan untuk peternakan lebah, cara lain untuk mendapatkan produk lebah termasuk berburu madu dan meliponiculture, tipe sarang lebah, panduan sarang lebah Deliverable 3.1 dari Pusat Penelitian Lebah Holeta (Ethiopia), manajemen kotak sarang (pemberian makan, pencegahan kaburnya kawanan lebah, ...), intervensi manajemen sarang yang diadaptasi dari kearifan local (praktik perlebahan lebah yang baik), masalah terbesar dalam perlebahan, status peternakan lebah yang bermigrasi, status bisnis penyerbukan, dan asosiasi peternakan lebah. Peternakan lebah atau pemeliharaan lebah adalah pengandangan dan pemeliharaan lebah, sebagian besar dari genus Apis, di dalam kotak sarang. Tidak hanya mengenai memilih jenis lebah yang tepat, namun juga sistem kotak sarang dan manajemen kotak sarang yang tepat sehingga berkontribusi pada hasil produk panen yang sukses dan menguntungkan. Dalam bab ini, lebah madu yang digunakan untuk dibudidayakan berdasarkan pada dua negara sasaran, serta jenis kotak sarang dan pengelolaan sarang / koloni yang biasa digunakan dan disetujui. Pada kedua negara target, sebagian besar menggunakan sistem kotak sarang yang tradisional. Di kedua negara, manajemen sarang memainkan peranan yang lebih rendah, yang berarti, bahwa metode seperti pemberian makanan tambahan, perawatan ulang, pencegahan segerombolan atau manajemen kesehatan lebah tidak umum di setiap wilayah negara tersebut. Selain peternakan lebah tradisional, perburuan madu dan penggunaan lebah yang tidak menyengat (meliponiculture) secara luas dipraktikkan untuk mendapatkan produk lebah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan, bahwa tidak ada praktik perlebahan lebah yang baik secara nasional dan tidak ada bisnis penyerbukan sama sekali. Ada beberapa asosiasi peternakan lebah dan strukturnya berbeda dari Eropa. Kendala dan masalah tentang sektor perlebahan juga dinilai menghasilkan berbagai persoalan, dari kurangnya pengetahuan tentang biologi lebah hingga kurangnya pasar atau fasilitas keuangan.
----

===[[Spesies lebah madu digunakan untuk peternakan lebah]]===

===[[Cara lain untuk mendapatkan produk lebah, termasuk berburu madu dan meliponiculture]]===

===[[Jenis sarang]]===
====[[Panduan Sarang Lebah]]====
===[[Manajemen Kotak Sarang]]===
===[[Intervensi Manajemen Sarang yang Diadaptasi Secara Lokal (Praktik Pemeliharaan Lebah yang Benar)]]===
===[[Kesulitan dalam Pemeliharaan Lebah]]===
===[[Kondisi Peternakan Lebah yang Bermigrasi]]===
===[[Kondisi Usaha Penyerbukan]]===
===[[Asosiasi Peternakan Lebah]]===

== [[Patologi lebah]] ==
Ada banyak hama, patogen dan predator yang mempengaruhi kesehatan koloni lebah madu dan selanjutnya dapat menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi peternak lebah untuk mengetahui tentang ancaman yang ada dan bagaimana cara mengobati kemungkinan serangan. Dalam bab berikut, penilaian tentang status kesehatan lebah madu, hama, predator utama dan metode pengobatan lokal dilakukan. Ringkasnya, ada berbagai macam hama patogen yang memengaruhi kesehatan lebah madu di Ethiopia dan Indonesia. Mulai dari virus, protozoa, bakteri, jamur, serangga hingga tungau dan mamalia. Secara umum, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peternak lebah di kedua negara meremehkan risiko penyakit lebah madu dan bahwa metode pengobatan yang biasa digunakan di dunia barat tidak diketahui di Ethiopia dan Indonesia. Perlunya diseminasi pendidikan untuk memperluas pemahaman tentang biologi lebah madu dan pada akhirnya bisa meningkatkan pendapatan.
----

===[[Kesehatan lebah madu (Gambaran Umum)]] ===
====[[Virus - Bahasa]]====
====[[Foulbrood - Bahasa]]====
==== ''[[Nosema - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood - Bahasa]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera - Bahasa]] ====
==== [[Semut]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp. - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi - Bahasa]]'' ====
==== [[Lainnya]] ====

===[[Menangani masalah kesehatan lebah madu]] ===
===[[Perawatan (jika ada) umumnya diterapkan pada hama yang berbeda]]===
===[[Ancaman untuk masuknya hama baru]]===
==[[Pendidikan dan Diseminasi]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps - Bahasa]] ==
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== [[Kemungkinan untuk Manajemen Lebah Pintar (Peternakan Lebah Presisi)]] ==
Untuk menilai status koloni lebah madu, peternak lebah perlu memeriksa bagian dalam sarang secara visual. Prosedur ini memakan waktu dan mungkin menekankan koloni. Pemantauan aktif dan penginderaan jauh dengan solusi TIK yang tepat (Precision Beekeeping) dapat menjadi alat yang berguna untuk mendukung manajemen kesehatan lebah madu, pengembangan koloni, dan bahkan produktivitas lebah. "Tujuan dari solusi yang diusulkan bukan untuk menggantikan tetapi untuk mendukung peternak lebah, yang akan selalu tetap menjadi faktor penting dalam manajemen lebah madu yang baik" [1]. Salah satu praktik untuk Precision Beekeeping adalah penggunaan Sistem Pendukung Keputusan. Tanpa analisis data yang memadai, tidak mungkin mendapatkan nilai tambah dari sistem pengukuran koloni lebah yang berbeda. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (DSS) dapat diadaptasi untuk Peternakan Lebah Precision untuk analisis data otomatis dan dianggap sebagai salah satu sub-sistem dari Peternakan Lebah Precision. Dengan menggunakan berbagai algoritma dan model, DSS dapat membantu peternak lebah lebah untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai status koloni lebah dan memperingatkan tentang situasi abnormal koloni. Negara koloni lebah yang berbeda mungkin memiliki tingkat kepentingan yang berbeda dan dapat diidentifikasi dengan tingkat keandalan yang berbeda. DSS dapat memproses dan menggabungkan data terkait dengan berat lebah, suhu, suara, dll. Keputusan DSS dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: aturan individu, yang didasarkan pada pemantauan koloni tunggal dan aturan diferensial, yang didasarkan pada perbandingan berbagai koloni dalam satu tempat pemeliharaan lebah.
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===[[Identifikasi nilai ambang batas untuk panen madu]]===
===[[Identifikasi acara yang berkerumun]]===
===[[Definisi biologis]]===
===[[Kelayakan teknis / definisi SAMS]]===

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==[[Proyek SAMS]]==
===[[Sistem SAMS]]===
====[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]====
===[[Rekomendasi/opsi manajemen berbasis sistem SAMS]]===
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==[[Manajemen lebah dan panduan kesehatan Lebah]]==
Praktek perlebahan lebah yang baik (GBP) mempengaruhi kesehatan dan produktivitas koloni lebah. Karena GBP sangat tergantung pada kondisi regional dan kondisi lingkungannya, menyebabkan tidak mungkin dirumuskannya aturan global mengenai GBP. Dalam bab 4 "Panduan manajemen lebah dan kesehatan lebah", sebuah pedoman paling mendasar diberikan pada kegiatan pemeliharaan lebah yang paling penting. Untuk menjamin metode yang dapat dipraktikkan di iklim tropis, sebagian besar konten dalam bab berikut diambil dari buku "Manual Peternakan Lebah untuk pemula" oleh Holeta Bee Research Center dan proyek APIRE dan dari "Panduan Peternakan Lebah Tingkat Lanjut oleh Asosiasi Peternak Lebah Ethiopia dan Organisasi Pembangunan Belanda (SNV-Ethiopia).
*Update 20.09.2021: We highly recommend a freshly published document by the FAO. It focuses on sustainable beekeeping and includes management suggestions by using locally available materials and it is freely available through this [http://www.fao.org/3/cb4576en/cb4576en.pdf link].
----
===[[Pemilihan lokasi pemeliharaan]]===
===[[Peralatan perlebahan lebah]]===
===[[Transfer koloni lebah]]===
===[[Pemeriksaan sarang eksternal]]===
===[[Pemeriksaan sarang internal]]===
===[[Panen madu]]===
===[[Panen lilin lebah]]===
===[[Panen serbuk sari]]===
===[[Panen propolis]]===
===[[Absconding - Bahasa]]===
===[[Manajemen kesehatan lebah]]===

== [[10 Aturan Pengelolaan Lebah Madu]] ==

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==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Important Project News]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
----
----
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
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----

===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

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===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

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==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

Amharic

2021-09-20T09:37:40Z

KristinaG:

== [[The SAMSwiki]] ==
=== [[How to use the SAMSwiki?]] ===
=== [[SAMSwiki community]] ===
----

== [[Key numbers of apiculture]] ==

===[[Honey bee species and subspecies]]===
===[[Non-Apis managed bees used for bee products]] ===

== [[Honey bee products and honey bee sector]] ==
Bees do not only produce honey, but also other very valuable products like beeswax, pollen, propolis, beebread or even bee brood can be considered as a "product". Within this chapter the following keywords are discussed: honey (production, honey market value chain), beeswax (statistics, use, …), pollen (statistics, use, …), propolis (statistics, use, …), import and export quotes of bee products, and the products’ prizes. While there exists a cryptic market for pollen and propolis in Indonesia, Ethiopia's beesector mainly focuses on honey and to some point on beeswax. Summarizing the data provided from FAO, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe), whereas Indonesia is a net importer (mostly from Asia). Prizes of bee products also differ greatly between target countries and even between regions.
===[[Honey]]===
====[[Honey market value chain]]====
===[[Beeswax]]===
===[[Pollen]]===
===[[Propolis]]===
===[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]===
===[[Prizes]]===

== [[Bee forage]] ==
The following chapter covers topics like local climate, number of melliferous plants and important literature, and major honey flows (plants, seasons). Nectar and pollen are key resources for honey bees and bees must be able to find sufficient quantity and quality within their foraging radii. The foraging radius depends on the bee race, the local climate as well as on the environment, but a benchmark of 3 km can be expected for European A. mellifera colonies. Not every blooming plant produces nectar AND pollen and they differ in terms of nectar and pollen production (protein content, quantity, quality and flowering time). In a consequence, a high diversity of bee forage around the apiary is from high importance for honey bee health and in a broader sense for the income of the beekeeper. The tropical climate of Ethiopia and Indonesia enables a high diversity in flora and fauna. While important literature on honey bee forage for Ethiopia exists and needs to be published for Indonesia, floral calendars for both countries are missing.
===[[Climate]]===
===[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature]]===
===[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Ethiopia]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Indonesia]]===
===[[Important crops and insect pollination]]===

== [[Beekeeping]] ==
The chapter beekeeping deals with the following topics: honey bee species used for beekeeping, other types of gaining bee products including honey hunting and meliponiculture, hive types, bee hive manual of Deliverable 3.1 from Holeta Bee Research Center (Ethiopia), hive management (supplemental feeding, prevention of swarming, …), locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice), biggest problems in beekeeping, status of migratory beekeeping, status of pollination business and beekeeping associations. Beekeeping or apiculture is the housing and maintaining of bees, mostly of the genus Apis, in hives. Not only the choice of the right honey bee race, but also the right hive-system and appropriate hive management contribute to successful and high profitable honey bee product yields. In this chapter honey bees that are used for beekeeping in the two target countries, as well as commonly used hive types and hive/colony management were assessed. In both target countries, the use of mostly traditional hive systems is common. In both countries the hive management plays a subordinate role, which means, that methods like supplementary feeding, requeening, swarm prevention or bee health management is not common in every region of the countries. Besides classical beekeeping, honey hunting and the use of stingless bees (meliponiculture) are widely practiced to gain bee products. The research results also indicated, that there is no nation-wide good beekeeping practice and no pollination business at all. There are few beekeeping associations and their structure differ from those of Europe. Constraints and problems regarding the beekeeping sector were also assessed resulting in a variety of problems, from lack of knowledge about bee biology to a lack of market or finance facilities.
----

===[[Honey bee species used for beekeeping]]===

===[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture]]===

===[[Hive types]]===
====[[Bee Hive Manual]]====
===[[Hive Management]]===
===[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)]]===
===[[Biggest problems in beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of migratory beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of pollination business]]===
===[[Beekeeping associations]]===

== [[Bee pathology]] ==
There are numerous pests, pathogens and predators which affect the health of honey bee colonies and further may cause economic loss. Therefore, it is important for beekeepers to know about existing threats and how to treat a possible infestation. In the following chapter, an assessment on honey bee health status, major pests and predators and local treatment methods was conducted. Summarized, there is a wide variety of pests a pathogens that affect honey bee health in Ethiopia and Indonesia. They range from viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insecta to mites and mammals. In general, the research indicated that beekeepers in both countries underestimate the risk of honey bee diseases and that treatment methods, that are commonly used in the western world are unknown in Ethiopia and Indonesia. It is necessary to work on education dissemination to enlarge the understanding of honey bee biology and further increase the income.
----

===[[Honey bee health (Overview)]] ===
====[[Viruses]]====
====[[Foulbrood]]====
==== ''[[Nosema]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera]] ====
==== [[Ants]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi]]'' ====
==== [[Others]] ====

===[[Dealing with honey bee health issues]] ===
===[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests]]===
===[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]===
==[[Education and dissemination]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps]] ==
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== [[Possibilities for smart bee management (Precision Beekeeping)]] ==
To assess the status of a honey bee colony, the beekeeper needs to visually inspect the inside of the '''[[hive types|hive]]'''. This procedure is time consuming and may stress the colony. The active monitoring and remote sensing by appropriate ICT solutions (Precision Beekeeping) may be a useful tool to support the '''[[Hive Management|management]]''' of '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''', colony development and even the bee productivity. One practice for Precision Beekeeping is the use of '''Decision Support Systems'''.
Without sufficient data analysis it is not possible to get added value from different bee colony measurement systems. Decision Support System (DSS) can be adapted for the Precision Beekeeping for automatic data analysis and is considered as one of the sub-systems of the Precision Beekeeping. Using different algorithms and models, DSS can help the beekeepers to identify different bee colony states and warn about abnormal situation of the colony. Different bee colony states may have different levels of importance and can be identified with different levels of reliability. DSS can process and combine data related to the bee colony weight, temperature, sound etc. DSS decisions can be split into two groups: individual rules, which are based on single colony monitoring and differential rules, which are based on comparison of different colonies within one apiary.
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===[[Identify threshold values for honey harvest]]===
===[[Identify swarming events]]===
===[[Biological definitions]]===
===[[Technical feasibility/SAMS definitions]]===

----
==[[The SAMS-project]]==
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]====
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
----
----
==[[Bee management and Bee health guide]]==
Good beekeeping practice (GBP) affects the health and productivity of a bee colony. As GBP strongly depends on its regional and environmental surroundings, it is not possible to formulate global rules of GBP. Within chapter 4 “Bee management and bee health guide” a very basic guideline is given on the most important beekeeping activities. To guarantee methods that are practiced in tropical climate, most of the content within the following chapter was retrieved from the books "Beekeeping Manual for beginners" by Holeta Bee Research Center and the APIRE project and from "Advanced Beekeeping Manual by Ethiopian Beekeepers Association and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV-Ethiopia).
*Update 20.09.2021: We highly recommend a freshly published document by the FAO. It focuses on sustainable beekeeping and includes management suggestions by using locally available materials and it is freely available through this [http://www.fao.org/3/cb4576en/cb4576en.pdf link].
----
===[[Apiary site selection]]===
===[[Beekeeping equipment]]===
===[[Bee colony transfer]]===
===[[External hive inspection]]===
===[[Internal hive inspection]]===
===[[Honey harvest]]===
===[[Beeswax harvest]]===
===[[Pollen harvest]]===
===[[Propolis harvest]]===
===[[Absconding]]===
===[[Bee health management]]===

== [[የ SAMS አናቢ ለመሆን አሥርቱ የንብ አያያዝ ደንቦችን መከተል ያስፈልግዎታል]] ==

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----

==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Important Project News]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
----
----
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
----
----

===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

----
----

===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

----
----

==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

English

2021-09-20T09:37:14Z

KristinaG:

== [[The SAMSwiki]] ==
=== [[How to use the SAMSwiki?]] ===
=== [[SAMSwiki community]] ===
----

== [[Key numbers of apiculture]] ==

===[[Honey bee species and subspecies]]===
===[[Non-Apis managed bees used for bee products]] ===

== [[Honey bee products and honey bee sector]] ==
Bees do not only produce honey, but also other very valuable products like beeswax, pollen, propolis, beebread or even bee brood can be considered as a "product". Within this chapter the following keywords are discussed: honey (production, honey market value chain), beeswax (statistics, use, …), pollen (statistics, use, …), propolis (statistics, use, …), import and export quotes of bee products, and the products’ prizes. While there exists a cryptic market for pollen and propolis in Indonesia, Ethiopia's beesector mainly focuses on honey and to some point on beeswax. Summarizing the data provided from FAO, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe), whereas Indonesia is a net importer (mostly from Asia). Prizes of bee products also differ greatly between target countries and even between regions.
===[[Honey]]===
====[[Honey market value chain]]====
===[[Beeswax]]===
===[[Pollen]]===
===[[Propolis]]===
===[[Royal Jelly]]===
===[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]===
===[[Prizes]]===

== [[Bee forage]] ==
The following chapter covers topics like local climate, number of melliferous plants and important literature, and major honey flows (plants, seasons). Nectar and pollen are key resources for honey bees and bees must be able to find sufficient quantity and quality within their foraging radii. The foraging radius depends on the bee race, the local climate as well as on the environment, but a benchmark of 3 km can be expected for European A. mellifera colonies. Not every blooming plant produces nectar AND pollen and they differ in terms of nectar and pollen production (protein content, quantity, quality and flowering time). In a consequence, a high diversity of bee forage around the apiary is from high importance for honey bee health and in a broader sense for the income of the beekeeper. The tropical climate of Ethiopia and Indonesia enables a high diversity in flora and fauna. While important literature on honey bee forage for Ethiopia exists and needs to be published for Indonesia, floral calendars for both countries are missing.
===[[Climate]]===
===[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature]]===
===[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Ethiopia]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Indonesia]]===
===[[Important crops and insect pollination]]===

== [[Beekeeping]] ==
The chapter beekeeping deals with the following topics: honey bee species used for beekeeping, other types of gaining bee products including honey hunting and meliponiculture, hive types, bee hive manual of Deliverable 3.1 from Holeta Bee Research Center (Ethiopia), hive management (supplemental feeding, prevention of swarming, …), locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice), biggest problems in beekeeping, status of migratory beekeeping, status of pollination business and beekeeping associations. Beekeeping or apiculture is the housing and maintaining of bees, mostly of the genus Apis, in hives. Not only the choice of the right honey bee race, but also the right hive-system and appropriate hive management contribute to successful and high profitable honey bee product yields. In this chapter honey bees that are used for beekeeping in the two target countries, as well as commonly used hive types and hive/colony management were assessed. In both target countries, the use of mostly traditional hive systems is common. In both countries the hive management plays a subordinate role, which means, that methods like supplementary feeding, requeening, swarm prevention or bee health management is not common in every region of the countries. Besides classical beekeeping, honey hunting and the use of stingless bees (meliponiculture) are widely practiced to gain bee products. The research results also indicated, that there is no nation-wide good beekeeping practice and no pollination business at all. There are few beekeeping associations and their structure differ from those of Europe. Constraints and problems regarding the beekeeping sector were also assessed resulting in a variety of problems, from lack of knowledge about bee biology to a lack of market or finance facilities.
----

===[[Honey bee species used for beekeeping]]===

===[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture]]===
====[[Rafter beekeeping]]====
===[[Hive types]]===
====[[Bee Hive Manual]]====
===[[Hive Management]]===
===[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)]]===
===[[Biggest problems in beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of migratory beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of pollination business]]===
===[[Beekeeping associations]]===

== [[Bee pathology]] ==
There are numerous pests, pathogens and predators which affect the health of honey bee colonies and further may cause economic loss. Therefore, it is important for beekeepers to know about existing threats and how to treat a possible infestation. In the following chapter, an assessment on honey bee health status, major pests and predators and local treatment methods was conducted. Summarized, there is a wide variety of pests a pathogens that affect honey bee health in Ethiopia and Indonesia. They range from viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insecta to mites and mammals. In general, the research indicated that beekeepers in both countries underestimate the risk of honey bee diseases and that treatment methods, that are commonly used in the western world are unknown in Ethiopia and Indonesia. It is necessary to work on education dissemination to enlarge the understanding of honey bee biology and further increase the income.
----

===[[Honey bee health (Overview)]] ===
====[[Viruses]]====
====[[Foulbrood]]====
==== ''[[Nosema]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera]] ====
==== [[Ants]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi]]'' ====
==== [[Others]] ====

===[[Dealing with honey bee health issues]] ===
===[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests]]===
===[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]===
==[[Education and dissemination]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps]] ==
----

----
----
==[[Bee management and Bee health guide]]==
Good beekeeping practice (GBP) affects the health and productivity of a bee colony. As GBP strongly depends on its regional and environmental surroundings, it is not possible to formulate global rules of GBP. Within chapter 4 “Bee management and bee health guide” a very basic guideline is given on the most important beekeeping activities. To guarantee methods that are practiced in tropical climate, most of the content within the following chapter was retrieved from the books "Beekeeping Manual for beginners" by Holeta Bee Research Center and the APIRE project and from "Advanced Beekeeping Manual by Ethiopian Beekeepers Association and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV-Ethiopia).
*Update 20.09.2021: We highly recommend a freshly published document by the FAO. It focuses on sustainable beekeeping and includes management suggestions by using locally available materials and it is freely available through this [http://www.fao.org/3/cb4576en/cb4576en.pdf link].
----
===[[Apiary site selection]]===
===[[Beekeeping equipment]]===
===[[Bee colony transfer]]===
===[[External hive inspection]]===
===[[Internal hive inspection]]===
===[[Honey harvest]]===
===[[Beeswax harvest]]===
===[[Pollen harvest]]===
===[[Propolis harvest]]===
===[[Absconding]]===
===[[Bee health management]]===

== [[10 Rules of Honeybee Management]] ==

== [[Possibilities for smart bee management (Precision Beekeeping)]] ==
To assess the status of a honey bee colony, the beekeeper needs to visually inspect the inside of the '''[[hive types|hive]]'''. This procedure is time consuming and may stress the colony. The active monitoring and remote sensing by appropriate ICT solutions (Precision Beekeeping) may be a useful tool to support the '''[[Hive Management|management]]''' of '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''', colony development and even the bee productivity. One practice for Precision Beekeeping is the use of '''Decision Support Systems'''.
Without sufficient data analysis it is not possible to get added value from different bee colony measurement systems. Decision Support System (DSS) can be adapted for the Precision Beekeeping for automatic data analysis and is considered as one of the sub-systems of the Precision Beekeeping. Using different algorithms and models, DSS can help the beekeepers to identify different bee colony states and warn about abnormal situation of the colony. Different bee colony states may have different levels of importance and can be identified with different levels of reliability. DSS can process and combine data related to the bee colony weight, temperature, sound etc. DSS decisions can be split into two groups: individual rules, which are based on single colony monitoring and differential rules, which are based on comparison of different colonies within one apiary.
----
===[[Identify threshold values for honey harvest]]===
===[[Identify swarming events]]===
===[[Biological definitions]]===
===[[Technical feasibility/SAMS definitions]]===

----
----

==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
----
----
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
----
----

===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

----
----

===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

----
----

==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

Honey bee health (Overview)

2021-09-06T13:03:40Z

KristinaG:

The table below represents a list of the most important pests and pathogens including some predators, affecting the health of honey bees in Ethiopia and Indonesia.

For the continent Africa, Kugonza (2020) published a list of present/absent organisms <ref>Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee ''Apis mellifera'' L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.</ref>

Table: Pests and pathogens present in Ethiopian and Indonesian honey bee colonies. N/A (not available) stands for a lack of data, +/- stands for a present/absent pest/pathogen.

{| class="wikitable"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Viruses]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Protozoa'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Bacteria'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Fungi'''
| colspan="6" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Insecta'''
| colspan="4" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Birds'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mammals'''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Amoeba'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Foulbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Nosema]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Chalkbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Lepidoptera'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Diptera'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Coleoptera]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Hymenoptera'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Parasitic mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Tracheal mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | DWV, IAPV, SBV, VDV-1
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''M. mellificae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | AFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | EFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. ceranae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[G. mellonella]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. grisella ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[B. coeca]] ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. tumida''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Cetoniinae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | [[Ants]]
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Varroa]] destructor''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''V. jacobsoni''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[A. woodi]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Meropidae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Mellivora capensis''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Ethiopia'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014">Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref name="Kugonzo 2020">Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref name="Kugonzo 2020"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki et al. 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Teklu">Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Teklu"/> <ref name="Awraris">Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Awraris"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref>
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Indonesia'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994">Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of ''Varroa jacobsoni'' in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.</ref> <ref name="Diao 2018">Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., …, & Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref name="Gupta 2014">Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009">Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010">Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96-119.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994"/> <ref name="Diao 2018"/> <ref name="Gupta 2014"/> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009"/> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994"/> <ref name="Diao 2018"/> <ref name="Gupta 2014"/> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009"/> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref>Jana, M., Vanderhaar, J. M., Hwang, Y.T. (2003). ''Mellivora capensis''. Mammalian Species, 721, 1-8.</ref>
|}

'''Ethiopia''': The Holeta Bee Research Center initiated nationwide surveys (5 years rhythm) during the brood season of honey bees to assess the honey bee health in Ethiopia. To detect possible introduced pest/predators/pathogens, the disease monitoring is mainly focused on two areas, one in and around the capital Addis Ababa with its international airport as a risk factor, and the other area near the country's international boarders (pers. communication).
==References==
<references/>

Honey bee health (Overview)

2021-09-06T12:39:15Z

KristinaG:

The table below represents a list of the most important pests and pathogens including some predators, affecting the health of honey bees in Ethiopia and Indonesia.

For the continent Africa, Kugonza (2020) published a list of present/absent organisms <ref>Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee ''Apis mellifera'' L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.</ref>

Table: Pests and pathogens present in Ethiopian and Indonesian honey bee colonies. N/A (not available) stands for a lack of data, +/- stands for a present/absent pest/pathogen.

{| class="wikitable"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Viruses]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Protozoa'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Bacteria'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Fungi'''
| colspan="6" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Insecta'''
| colspan="4" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Birds'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mammals'''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Amoeba'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Foulbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Nosema]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Chalkbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Lepidoptera'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Diptera'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Coleoptera]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Hymenoptera'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Parasitic mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Tracheal mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | DWV, IAPV, SBV, VDV-1
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''M. mellificae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | AFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | EFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. ceranae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[G. mellonella]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. grisella ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[B. coeca]] ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. tumida''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Cetoniinae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | [[Ants]]
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Varroa]] destructor''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''V. jacobsoni''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[A. woodi]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Meropidae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Mellivora capensis''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Ethiopia'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014">Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki et al. 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Teklu">Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Teklu"/> <ref name="Awraris">Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Awraris"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref>
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Indonesia'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005"/> <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994">Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of ''Varroa jacobsoni'' in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.</ref> <ref name="Diao 2018">Diao, Q., Sun, L., Zheng, H., Zeng, Z., Wang, S., Xu, S., …, & Wu, J. (2018). Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the Asian honeybee ''Apis cerana'' provides novel insights into honeybee biology. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-14.</ref> <ref name="Gupta 2014">Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009">Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010">Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of ''Varroa destructor''. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103, 96-119.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994"/> <ref name="Diao 2018"/> <ref name="Gupta 2014"/> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009"/> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Anderson 1994"/> <ref name="Diao 2018"/> <ref name="Gupta 2014"/> <ref name="Oldroyd 2009"/> <ref name="Rosenkranz 2010"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''-''' <ref>Jana, M., Vanderhaar, J. M., Hwang, Y.T. (2003). ''Mellivora capensis''. Mammalian Species, 721, 1-8.</ref>
|}

'''Ethiopia''': The Holeta Bee Research Center initiated nationwide surveys (5 years rhythm) during the brood season of honey bees to assess the honey bee health in Ethiopia. To detect possible introduced pest/predators/pathogens, the disease monitoring is mainly focused on two areas, one in and around the capital Addis Ababa with its international airport as a risk factor, and the other area near the country's international boarders (pers. communication).
==References==
<references/>

Chalkbrood

2021-09-06T12:21:50Z

KristinaG:

'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> The colour of the mummies varies between white and black and the disease is in general not considered to be a problem for healthy colonoes. It is suggested for beekeepers to provide good ventilation within the beehives to limit the effects of the Chalkbrood disease <ref>Kugonza, D.R. (2020). Africa under attack: a continent-wide mapping of pathogens, parasites and predators afflicting the hived honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). African Journal of Rural Development 5(2), 1-27.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).

'''Indonesia:''' No information is available on chalkbrood disease in Indonesia!

==References==
<references/>

English

2021-09-06T12:08:58Z

KristinaG:

== [[The SAMSwiki]] ==
=== [[How to use the SAMSwiki?]] ===
=== [[SAMSwiki community]] ===
----

== [[Key numbers of apiculture]] ==

===[[Honey bee species and subspecies]]===
===[[Non-Apis managed bees used for bee products]] ===

== [[Honey bee products and honey bee sector]] ==
Bees do not only produce honey, but also other very valuable products like beeswax, pollen, propolis, beebread or even bee brood can be considered as a "product". Within this chapter the following keywords are discussed: honey (production, honey market value chain), beeswax (statistics, use, …), pollen (statistics, use, …), propolis (statistics, use, …), import and export quotes of bee products, and the products’ prizes. While there exists a cryptic market for pollen and propolis in Indonesia, Ethiopia's beesector mainly focuses on honey and to some point on beeswax. Summarizing the data provided from FAO, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe), whereas Indonesia is a net importer (mostly from Asia). Prizes of bee products also differ greatly between target countries and even between regions.
===[[Honey]]===
====[[Honey market value chain]]====
===[[Beeswax]]===
===[[Pollen]]===
===[[Propolis]]===
===[[Royal Jelly]]===
===[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]===
===[[Prizes]]===

== [[Bee forage]] ==
The following chapter covers topics like local climate, number of melliferous plants and important literature, and major honey flows (plants, seasons). Nectar and pollen are key resources for honey bees and bees must be able to find sufficient quantity and quality within their foraging radii. The foraging radius depends on the bee race, the local climate as well as on the environment, but a benchmark of 3 km can be expected for European A. mellifera colonies. Not every blooming plant produces nectar AND pollen and they differ in terms of nectar and pollen production (protein content, quantity, quality and flowering time). In a consequence, a high diversity of bee forage around the apiary is from high importance for honey bee health and in a broader sense for the income of the beekeeper. The tropical climate of Ethiopia and Indonesia enables a high diversity in flora and fauna. While important literature on honey bee forage for Ethiopia exists and needs to be published for Indonesia, floral calendars for both countries are missing.
===[[Climate]]===
===[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature]]===
===[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Ethiopia]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Indonesia]]===
===[[Important crops and insect pollination]]===

== [[Beekeeping]] ==
The chapter beekeeping deals with the following topics: honey bee species used for beekeeping, other types of gaining bee products including honey hunting and meliponiculture, hive types, bee hive manual of Deliverable 3.1 from Holeta Bee Research Center (Ethiopia), hive management (supplemental feeding, prevention of swarming, …), locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice), biggest problems in beekeeping, status of migratory beekeeping, status of pollination business and beekeeping associations. Beekeeping or apiculture is the housing and maintaining of bees, mostly of the genus Apis, in hives. Not only the choice of the right honey bee race, but also the right hive-system and appropriate hive management contribute to successful and high profitable honey bee product yields. In this chapter honey bees that are used for beekeeping in the two target countries, as well as commonly used hive types and hive/colony management were assessed. In both target countries, the use of mostly traditional hive systems is common. In both countries the hive management plays a subordinate role, which means, that methods like supplementary feeding, requeening, swarm prevention or bee health management is not common in every region of the countries. Besides classical beekeeping, honey hunting and the use of stingless bees (meliponiculture) are widely practiced to gain bee products. The research results also indicated, that there is no nation-wide good beekeeping practice and no pollination business at all. There are few beekeeping associations and their structure differ from those of Europe. Constraints and problems regarding the beekeeping sector were also assessed resulting in a variety of problems, from lack of knowledge about bee biology to a lack of market or finance facilities.
----

===[[Honey bee species used for beekeeping]]===

===[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture]]===
====[[Rafter beekeeping]]====
===[[Hive types]]===
====[[Bee Hive Manual]]====
===[[Hive Management]]===
===[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)]]===
===[[Biggest problems in beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of migratory beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of pollination business]]===
===[[Beekeeping associations]]===

== [[Bee pathology]] ==
There are numerous pests, pathogens and predators which affect the health of honey bee colonies and further may cause economic loss. Therefore, it is important for beekeepers to know about existing threats and how to treat a possible infestation. In the following chapter, an assessment on honey bee health status, major pests and predators and local treatment methods was conducted. Summarized, there is a wide variety of pests a pathogens that affect honey bee health in Ethiopia and Indonesia. They range from viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insecta to mites and mammals. In general, the research indicated that beekeepers in both countries underestimate the risk of honey bee diseases and that treatment methods, that are commonly used in the western world are unknown in Ethiopia and Indonesia. It is necessary to work on education dissemination to enlarge the understanding of honey bee biology and further increase the income.
----

===[[Honey bee health (Overview)]] ===
====[[Viruses]]====
====[[Foulbrood]]====
==== ''[[Nosema]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera]] ====
==== [[Ants]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi]]'' ====
==== [[Others]] ====

===[[Dealing with honey bee health issues]] ===
===[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests]]===
===[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]===
==[[Education and dissemination]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps]] ==
----

----
----
==[[Bee management and Bee health guide]]==
Good beekeeping practice (GBP) affects the health and productivity of a bee colony. As GBP strongly depends on its regional and environmental surroundings, it is not possible to formulate global rules of GBP. Within chapter 4 “Bee management and bee health guide” a very basic guideline is given on the most important beekeeping activities. To guarantee methods that are practiced in tropical climate, most of the content within the following chapter was retrieved from the books "Beekeeping Manual for beginners" by Holeta Bee Research Center and the APIRE project and from "Advanced Beekeeping Manual by Ethiopian Beekeepers Association and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV-Ethiopia).
----
===[[Apiary site selection]]===
===[[Beekeeping equipment]]===
===[[Bee colony transfer]]===
===[[External hive inspection]]===
===[[Internal hive inspection]]===
===[[Honey harvest]]===
===[[Beeswax harvest]]===
===[[Pollen harvest]]===
===[[Propolis harvest]]===
===[[Absconding]]===
===[[Bee health management]]===

== [[10 Rules of Honeybee Management]] ==

== [[Possibilities for smart bee management (Precision Beekeeping)]] ==
To assess the status of a honey bee colony, the beekeeper needs to visually inspect the inside of the '''[[hive types|hive]]'''. This procedure is time consuming and may stress the colony. The active monitoring and remote sensing by appropriate ICT solutions (Precision Beekeeping) may be a useful tool to support the '''[[Hive Management|management]]''' of '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''', colony development and even the bee productivity. One practice for Precision Beekeeping is the use of '''Decision Support Systems'''.
Without sufficient data analysis it is not possible to get added value from different bee colony measurement systems. Decision Support System (DSS) can be adapted for the Precision Beekeeping for automatic data analysis and is considered as one of the sub-systems of the Precision Beekeeping. Using different algorithms and models, DSS can help the beekeepers to identify different bee colony states and warn about abnormal situation of the colony. Different bee colony states may have different levels of importance and can be identified with different levels of reliability. DSS can process and combine data related to the bee colony weight, temperature, sound etc. DSS decisions can be split into two groups: individual rules, which are based on single colony monitoring and differential rules, which are based on comparison of different colonies within one apiary.
----
===[[Identify threshold values for honey harvest]]===
===[[Identify swarming events]]===
===[[Biological definitions]]===
===[[Technical feasibility/SAMS definitions]]===

----
----

==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
----
----
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
----
----

===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

----
----

===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

----
----

==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

Rafter beekeeping

2021-09-06T11:54:46Z

KristinaG:

According to Chinh et al. (1995) <ref>Chinh, P.H., Minh, N.H., Thai, P.H., and Tan, N.Q. (1995) Raftering - A traditional technique for honey and wax production from Apis dorsata in Vietnam. Article In Bees for Development Journal.</ref> and cited by Guerin (2019) <ref name="Guerin 2019">Guerin, E. (2019). Rafter Beekeeping. Sustainable Management with ''Apis dorsata'' Training Manual. WWF Report 2019. Download Url (last access 06.09.2021): https://www.wwf.or.th/en/scp/upcoming_event_/reports_/rafter_beekeeping</ref>, rafter beekeeping includes a rafter, which is the trunk or branch of a tree, around 2 m in length and 10 to 20 cm in diameter supported by two vertical poles (Figure below). Resembling a branch of a tree, a rafter attracts migrating ''Apis dorsata'' to build a nest beneath it (see also chapter [[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture|Other types of gaining bee products]].

[[File:Rafter beekeeping.png|center|thumbthumb|Diagram of a rafter and Apis dorsata comb. Source: Chinh et al., 1995]]

Guerin published a training manual describing sustainable ways of rafter beekeeping in a WWF report of 2019. The manual can be downloaded from the WWF website (link in the references of this page) <ref name="Guerin 2019"/>.

'''The document includes'''

* basic requirements for raftering (choice of location, availability of bee forage and locally available materials and bee species)
* rafter design and construction (wood selection, choice of size, manipulating of the environment near the rafter, time-management)
* alternative rafter designs (inspired by different countries)
* harvesting and processing techniques for honey and wax from rafters

==References==
<references/>

Rafter beekeeping

2021-09-06T10:54:37Z

KristinaG:

Rafter beekeeping

2021-09-06T10:28:42Z

KristinaG: Created page with "According to Chinh et al. (1995)<ref>Chinh, P.H., Minh, N.H., Thai, P.H., and Tan, N.Q. (1995) <ref>Guerin, E. (2019). Rafter Beekeeping. Sustainable Management with Apis dors..."

According to Chinh et al. (1995)<ref>Chinh, P.H., Minh, N.H., Thai, P.H., and Tan, N.Q. (1995) <ref>Guerin, E. (2019). Rafter Beekeeping. Sustainable Management with Apis dorsata Training Manual. WWF Report 2019. Download Url (last access 06.09.2021): https://www.wwf.or.th/en/scp/upcoming_event_/reports_/rafter_beekeeping/ </ref>. Raftering - A traditional technique for honey and wax production from Apis dorsata in Vietnam. Article In Bees for Development Journal.</ref> and cited by Guerin (2019), rafter beekeeping includes a rafter, which is the trunk or branch of a tree, around 2 m in length and 10 to 20 cm in diameter supported by two vertical poles (Figure below). Resembling a branch of a tree, a rafter attracts migrating ''Apis dorsata'' to build a nest beneath it.

[[File:Rafter beekeeping.png|center|thumbthumb|Diagram of a rafter and Apis dorsata comb. Source: Chinh et al., 1995]]

File:Rafter beekeeping.png

2021-09-06T10:24:51Z

KristinaG:

Diagram of a rafter and Apis dorsata comb. Source: Chinh et al., 1995

Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture

2021-09-06T10:21:26Z

KristinaG:

Besides the worldwide known beekeeping, there are also other ways of gaining bee products in Ethiopia and Indonesia.
----
'''Ethiopia:''' The country provides a rich flora and suitable ecological conditions for not only hived, but also for feral '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|bee colonies]]''' (e. g. ''A. mellifera'', Meliponinii). Thus, "'''honey hunting'''" from feral ''A. mellifera'' or stingless bee colonies is a common practice in Ethiopia. Honey hunters '''trace and rob wild honey bee colonies''' to make profit out of their products. <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> <ref>Gemechis, L. Y. (2016). Honey Production and Marketing in Ethiopia. Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America, 7(5), 248-253.</ref> It has to be mentioned, that traditional honey hunting is no sustainable way to obtain honey bee products, which led to the decrease of feral stingless bee species not only in Ethiopia but also in Africa. <ref>Anguilet, E. C. F., Nguyen, B. K., Ndong, T. B., Haubruge, E., & Francis, F. (2015). Meliponini and Apini in Africa (Apidae: Apinae): a review on the challenges and stakes bound to their diversity and their distribution. Biotechnol. Agronom. Soc. Environ., 19(4), 382-391.</ref> <ref>Dietemann, V., Pirk, C. W. W, & Crewe, R. (2009). Is there a need for conservation of honeybees in Africa? Apidologie, 40, 285–295.</ref> Besides honey hunting and classical beekeeping, there is a third apicultural activity called "bee maintaining" which is defined as an intermediary stage of beekeeping, where humans guard wild living colonies and provide artificial nesting sites. <ref name="Bradbear">Bradbear, N., & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2009). Bees and their role in forest livelihoods: a guide to the services provided by bees and the sustainable harvesting processing and marketing of their products. FAO, Rome, Non-Wood Forest Products, 19, 1-194.</ref> In Ethiopia, there exists "forest beekeeping" which is the utilization of feral honey bee colonies (''A. mellifera'') as a resource without manipulating it. Honey collectors provide traditional nesting sites made of local available materials and harvest '''[[honey]]''' and '''[[beeswax]]''' one to two times per year. The provided nesting sites are placed in trees and the beekeeper has no influence on the quantity of the yield nor the harvest time. To increase the honey product yield, the number of nesting sites have to be increased. Focusing on the absence of hive manipulation, forest beekeeping actually may belong to "bee maintaining" instead of classical beekeeping. <ref>Lowore, J., Meaton, J., & Wood, A. (2018). African Forest Honey: an Overlooked NTFP with Potential to Support Livelihoods and Forests. Environmental Management, 62, 15–28.</ref>

'''Indonesia:''' Almost every species of '''honey bees''' and '''stingless bees''' is used for '''"honey hunting'''", but in Indonesia the practice is mainly focussed on '''''A. dorsata''''' colonies. <ref name="Bradbear"/> <ref>Kahono, S., Chantawannakul, P., & Engel, M. S. (2018). Social Bees and the Current Status of Beekeeping in Indonesia. In book: Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century. Springer, Singapore. 287-306.</ref> ''A. dorsata'' is known to build single comb nests and so far, it was not possible to properly manage them. The honey yield of one ''A. dorsata'' colony is expected between '''5 - 15 kg''', while a whole "honey tree" (''Sompuat''), housing numerous colonies, provides '''50 - 300 kg''' of honey. <ref>Lahjie, A. M., & Seibert, B. (1990). Honey Gathering by People in the Interior of East Kalimantan. Bee World, 71(4), 153-157.</ref> In some regions of Indonesia, people practice "bee maintaining". There are efforts to attract wild living ''A. dorsata'' colonies by setting up tikung/tingku or also called sunggau (wooden planks or tree trunks) at which the migrating bee colonies build their nests. Another word for it is "[[rafter beekeeping]]", which is also used in an international perspective. The tikung is usually made from a strong wood to improve its durability and it is often erected in areas of good bee forage availability. To increase the possibility of colonies occupying the tikung, some honey collectors smear beeswax or honey underneath it. Enough open space in front of the structure is highly recommended to offer the colonies a wide entrance/exit range. <ref name="Hadisoesilo 2002">Hadisoesilo, S. (2002). Tingku - A traditional management technique. Bees for Development Journal, 64, 4-5.</ref> This method is suggested to be a less dangerous technique to obtain honey than traditional honey hunting. ''A. dorsata'' prefers certain tree species over others for their nesting site. Those "honey trees" are usually not owned, but people mark it to signify their ownership of the there nesting bee colonies. Harvesting takes place during the day and one to four people are involved. One person climbs the tree and uses a smoker made of bamboo to calm the bees. People harvest the bee products (mainly '''wax''' and '''honey''') by cutting the whole nest off the ''tikung''. <ref>Crane, E., Luyen, V. V., Mulder, V., & Ta, T. C. (1993). Traditional Management System for ''Apis Dorsata'' in Submerged Forests in Southern Vietnam and Central Kalimantan. Bee World, 74(1), 27-40.</ref> <ref name="Hadisoesilo 2002"/> To increase the attractiveness for feral honey bee colonies, some natural forests are managed and honey trees are preserved. <ref>De Jong, W. (2002). Forest products and local forest management in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: implications for conservation and development. Wageningen: Tropenbos International.</ref> Honey from ''A. dorsata'' is an important product in parts of '''western Kalimantan'''. <ref name="Lubis">Lubis, M. S., Handayani, N., & Muazir, S. (2009). Eco and cultural tourism development in Danau Sentarum National Park. In 13th World Lake Conference, 1–6.</ref>. Another way to gain bee products is the '''[[Non-Apis managed bees or bees used for bee products|meliponiculture]]''' with '''stingless bees''' from the genus '''''Trigona'''''. Due to their low honey production, they are mainly used to gain '''[[propolis]]''' and '''wax'''. ''Trigona'' are easy to manage, do not require special beekeeping skills, and they can be housed in hollow logs, mud pots, bamboo pits, coconut shells, wooden boxes and pottery vessels. <ref name="Lubis"/> <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

English

2021-08-31T12:41:52Z

KristinaG:

== [[The SAMSwiki]] ==
=== [[How to use the SAMSwiki?]] ===
=== [[SAMSwiki community]] ===
----

== [[Key numbers of apiculture]] ==

===[[Honey bee species and subspecies]]===
===[[Non-Apis managed bees used for bee products]] ===

== [[Honey bee products and honey bee sector]] ==
Bees do not only produce honey, but also other very valuable products like beeswax, pollen, propolis, beebread or even bee brood can be considered as a "product". Within this chapter the following keywords are discussed: honey (production, honey market value chain), beeswax (statistics, use, …), pollen (statistics, use, …), propolis (statistics, use, …), import and export quotes of bee products, and the products’ prizes. While there exists a cryptic market for pollen and propolis in Indonesia, Ethiopia's beesector mainly focuses on honey and to some point on beeswax. Summarizing the data provided from FAO, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe), whereas Indonesia is a net importer (mostly from Asia). Prizes of bee products also differ greatly between target countries and even between regions.
===[[Honey]]===
====[[Honey market value chain]]====
===[[Beeswax]]===
===[[Pollen]]===
===[[Propolis]]===
===[[Royal Jelly]]===
===[[Import/Export of honey bee products]]===
===[[Prizes]]===

== [[Bee forage]] ==
The following chapter covers topics like local climate, number of melliferous plants and important literature, and major honey flows (plants, seasons). Nectar and pollen are key resources for honey bees and bees must be able to find sufficient quantity and quality within their foraging radii. The foraging radius depends on the bee race, the local climate as well as on the environment, but a benchmark of 3 km can be expected for European A. mellifera colonies. Not every blooming plant produces nectar AND pollen and they differ in terms of nectar and pollen production (protein content, quantity, quality and flowering time). In a consequence, a high diversity of bee forage around the apiary is from high importance for honey bee health and in a broader sense for the income of the beekeeper. The tropical climate of Ethiopia and Indonesia enables a high diversity in flora and fauna. While important literature on honey bee forage for Ethiopia exists and needs to be published for Indonesia, floral calendars for both countries are missing.
===[[Climate]]===
===[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature]]===
===[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Ethiopia]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Indonesia]]===
===[[Important crops and insect pollination]]===

== [[Beekeeping]] ==
The chapter beekeeping deals with the following topics: honey bee species used for beekeeping, other types of gaining bee products including honey hunting and meliponiculture, hive types, bee hive manual of Deliverable 3.1 from Holeta Bee Research Center (Ethiopia), hive management (supplemental feeding, prevention of swarming, …), locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice), biggest problems in beekeeping, status of migratory beekeeping, status of pollination business and beekeeping associations. Beekeeping or apiculture is the housing and maintaining of bees, mostly of the genus Apis, in hives. Not only the choice of the right honey bee race, but also the right hive-system and appropriate hive management contribute to successful and high profitable honey bee product yields. In this chapter honey bees that are used for beekeeping in the two target countries, as well as commonly used hive types and hive/colony management were assessed. In both target countries, the use of mostly traditional hive systems is common. In both countries the hive management plays a subordinate role, which means, that methods like supplementary feeding, requeening, swarm prevention or bee health management is not common in every region of the countries. Besides classical beekeeping, honey hunting and the use of stingless bees (meliponiculture) are widely practiced to gain bee products. The research results also indicated, that there is no nation-wide good beekeeping practice and no pollination business at all. There are few beekeeping associations and their structure differ from those of Europe. Constraints and problems regarding the beekeeping sector were also assessed resulting in a variety of problems, from lack of knowledge about bee biology to a lack of market or finance facilities.
----

===[[Honey bee species used for beekeeping]]===

===[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture]]===

===[[Hive types]]===
====[[Bee Hive Manual]]====
===[[Hive Management]]===
===[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)]]===
===[[Biggest problems in beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of migratory beekeeping]]===
===[[Status of pollination business]]===
===[[Beekeeping associations]]===

== [[Bee pathology]] ==
There are numerous pests, pathogens and predators which affect the health of honey bee colonies and further may cause economic loss. Therefore, it is important for beekeepers to know about existing threats and how to treat a possible infestation. In the following chapter, an assessment on honey bee health status, major pests and predators and local treatment methods was conducted. Summarized, there is a wide variety of pests a pathogens that affect honey bee health in Ethiopia and Indonesia. They range from viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insecta to mites and mammals. In general, the research indicated that beekeepers in both countries underestimate the risk of honey bee diseases and that treatment methods, that are commonly used in the western world are unknown in Ethiopia and Indonesia. It is necessary to work on education dissemination to enlarge the understanding of honey bee biology and further increase the income.
----

===[[Honey bee health (Overview)]] ===
====[[Viruses]]====
====[[Foulbrood]]====
==== ''[[Nosema]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera]] ====
==== [[Ants]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi]]'' ====
==== [[Others]] ====

===[[Dealing with honey bee health issues]] ===
===[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests]]===
===[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]===
==[[Education and dissemination]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps]] ==
----

----
----
==[[Bee management and Bee health guide]]==
Good beekeeping practice (GBP) affects the health and productivity of a bee colony. As GBP strongly depends on its regional and environmental surroundings, it is not possible to formulate global rules of GBP. Within chapter 4 “Bee management and bee health guide” a very basic guideline is given on the most important beekeeping activities. To guarantee methods that are practiced in tropical climate, most of the content within the following chapter was retrieved from the books "Beekeeping Manual for beginners" by Holeta Bee Research Center and the APIRE project and from "Advanced Beekeeping Manual by Ethiopian Beekeepers Association and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV-Ethiopia).
----
===[[Apiary site selection]]===
===[[Beekeeping equipment]]===
===[[Bee colony transfer]]===
===[[External hive inspection]]===
===[[Internal hive inspection]]===
===[[Honey harvest]]===
===[[Beeswax harvest]]===
===[[Pollen harvest]]===
===[[Propolis harvest]]===
===[[Absconding]]===
===[[Bee health management]]===

== [[10 Rules of Honeybee Management]] ==

== [[Possibilities for smart bee management (Precision Beekeeping)]] ==
To assess the status of a honey bee colony, the beekeeper needs to visually inspect the inside of the '''[[hive types|hive]]'''. This procedure is time consuming and may stress the colony. The active monitoring and remote sensing by appropriate ICT solutions (Precision Beekeeping) may be a useful tool to support the '''[[Hive Management|management]]''' of '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''', colony development and even the bee productivity. One practice for Precision Beekeeping is the use of '''Decision Support Systems'''.
Without sufficient data analysis it is not possible to get added value from different bee colony measurement systems. Decision Support System (DSS) can be adapted for the Precision Beekeeping for automatic data analysis and is considered as one of the sub-systems of the Precision Beekeeping. Using different algorithms and models, DSS can help the beekeepers to identify different bee colony states and warn about abnormal situation of the colony. Different bee colony states may have different levels of importance and can be identified with different levels of reliability. DSS can process and combine data related to the bee colony weight, temperature, sound etc. DSS decisions can be split into two groups: individual rules, which are based on single colony monitoring and differential rules, which are based on comparison of different colonies within one apiary.
----
===[[Identify threshold values for honey harvest]]===
===[[Identify swarming events]]===
===[[Biological definitions]]===
===[[Technical feasibility/SAMS definitions]]===

----
----

==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
----
----
===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
----
----

===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

----
----

===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

----
----

==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

Honey bee species and subspecies

2021-04-15T13:30:03Z

KristinaG:

The following table represents native honey bee species and subspecies of Ethiopia and Indonesia. While in Ethiopia, five** subspecies of ''A. mellifera'', non-''Apis'' species and the introduced ''A. florea'' are known, in Indonesia three subspecies of ''A. cerana'', two of ''A. dorsata'', the introduced ''A. mellifera'', 5 other ''Apis'' species and non-''Apis'' species are native.

Table: ''Apis'' species and non-''Apis'' species used for bee products in Ethiopia and Indonesia are shown. + stands for species, occuring in the particular country, *+ describes introduced species. ** Old taxonomic coding; The literature is not consistent in defining ''A. m. bandasii'' as an own subspecies: part of the scientific literature claims that ''A. m. bandasii'' belongs to ''A. m. jemenitica''. <ref>Al-Ghamdi, A. A., Nuru, A., Khanbash, M. S., & Smith, D. R. (2013). Geographical distribution and population variation of ''Apis mellifera jemenitica'' Ruttner. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(3), 124-133.</ref> <ref>Amssalu, B., Nuru, A., Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (2004). Multivariate morphometric analysis of honeybees (''Apis mellifera'') in the Ethiopian region. Apidologie 35, 71–81.</ref> <ref>Engel, M. S. (1999). Taxonomy of Recent and Fossil Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; ''Apis''). J. Hym. Res., 8(2), 165-196.</ref> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002">Nuru, A., Amssalu, B., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Swarming and migration in the honey bees (''Apis mellifera'') of Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(1–2), 35–41.</ref> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| colspan="7" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis mellifera'''''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis cerana'''''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis dorsata'''''
| colspan="5" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Other ''Apis'' species'''
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Non-''Apis'' species'''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. simensis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. bandasii** ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. monticola''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. jemenitica''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. scutellata''
| style="color:#000000;" |  ''A. m. woyi-gambella**''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. mellifera sp.''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. himalayana''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. indica''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. nuluensis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. d. binghami ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. d. dorsata ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. florea''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. andreniformis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. koschevnikovi''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. nigrocincta''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. nuluensis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''Trigona spp.''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| rowspan="1"| '''Ethiopia'''
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Meixner, M.D.; Leta, M.A.; Koeniger, N.; Fuchs, S. The Honey Bees of Ethiopia Represent a New Subspecies of Apis Mellifera-Apis Mellifera Simensis n. Ssp. Apidologie 2011, 42, 425–437.</ref> <ref>Hailu, T.G.; D’Alvise, P.; Hasselmann, M. Disentangling Ethiopian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Populations Based on Standard Morphometric and Genetic Analyses. Insects 2021, 12, 193. https:// doi.org/10.3390/insects12030193</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997">Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (1997). Multivariate analysis of honeybees, ''Apis mellifera'' Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of the Horn of Africa. African Entomology, 5, 57–64.</ref> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016">Tesfu, F. & Abebe, H. (2016). Current Trends of Honey Bee Genetic Resources in Ethiopia – A Review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(5), 31737-31739.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014">Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/>
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''<nowiki>*+</nowiki>''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref>Bezabih, G., Adgaba, N., Hepburn, H. R., & Pirk, C. W. W. (2014). The Territorial Invasion of ''Apis florea'' in Africa. African Entomology, 22(4), 888–890.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag, Germany.</ref> <ref>Pauly, A., & Hora, Z. A. (2013). Apini and Meliponini from Ethiopia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Apinae). Belg. J. Entomol, 16, 1–36.</ref>
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| rowspan="1"|'''Indonesia'''
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''<nowiki>*+</nowiki>''' <ref>Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of ''Varroa jacobsoni'' in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016">Theisen-Jones, H., & Bienefeld, K. (2016). The Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana'') is Significantly in Decline. Bee World, 93(4), 90–97.</ref> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005">Roubik, D. W. (2005). Honeybees in Borneo. In D. W. Roubik, S. Sakai, & A. A. Hamid Karim (Hrsg.), Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest (Bd. 174, 89–103). New York: Springer-Verlag.</ref> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008">Hadisoesilo, S., Raffiudin, R., Susanti, W., Atmowidi, T., Hepburn, C., Radloff, S. E., … Hepburn, H. R. (2008). Morphometric analysis and biogeography of ''Apis koschevnikovi'' Enderlein (1906). Apidologie, 39(5), 495–503.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2001). Diversity in traditional techniques for enticing ''Apis dorsata'' colonies in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the 37th international congress. Apimondia, Durban.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref>Tanaka, H., Roubik, D. W., Kato, M., Liew, F., & Gunsalam, G. (2001). Phylogenetic position of ''Apis nuluensis'' of northern Borneo and phylogeography of ''A. cerana'' as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Insectes Sociaux, 48(1), 44–51.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Roubik, D. W. (2005). Honey bees in Borneo. In D. W. Roubik, S. Sakai, & A. A. Hamid Karim (Hrsg.), Pollination ecology and the rain forest (Bd. 174, 89–103). New York, NY: Springer</ref>
|}

==References==
<references/>

Honey bee species and subspecies

2021-04-15T13:23:43Z

KristinaG:

The following table represents native honey bee species and subspecies of Ethiopia and Indonesia. While in Ethiopia, five** subspecies of ''A. mellifera'', non-''Apis'' species and the introduced ''A. florea'' are known, in Indonesia three subspecies of ''A. cerana'', two of ''A. dorsata'', the introduced ''A. mellifera'', 5 other ''Apis'' species and non-''Apis'' species are native.

Table: ''Apis'' species and non-''Apis'' species used for bee products in Ethiopia and Indonesia are shown. + stands for species, occuring in the particular country, *+ describes introduced species. ** Old taxonomic coding; The literature is not consistent in defining ''A. m. bandasii'' as an own subspecies: part of the scientific literature claims that ''A. m. bandasii'' belongs to ''A. m. jemenitica''. <ref>Al-Ghamdi, A. A., Nuru, A., Khanbash, M. S., & Smith, D. R. (2013). Geographical distribution and population variation of ''Apis mellifera jemenitica'' Ruttner. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(3), 124-133.</ref> <ref>Amssalu, B., Nuru, A., Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (2004). Multivariate morphometric analysis of honeybees (''Apis mellifera'') in the Ethiopian region. Apidologie 35, 71–81.</ref> <ref>Engel, M. S. (1999). Taxonomy of Recent and Fossil Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; ''Apis''). J. Hym. Res., 8(2), 165-196.</ref> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002">Nuru, A., Amssalu, B., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Swarming and migration in the honey bees (''Apis mellifera'') of Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(1–2), 35–41.</ref> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| colspan="6" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis mellifera'''''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis cerana'''''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''''Apis dorsata'''''
| colspan="5" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Other ''Apis'' species'''
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Non-''Apis'' species'''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. bandasii** ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. monticola''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. jemenitica''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. m. scutellata''
| style="color:#000000;" |  ''A. m. woyi-gambella**''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. mellifera sp.''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. himalayana''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. indica''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. c. nuluensis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. d. binghami ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. d. dorsata ''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. florea''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. andreniformis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. koschevnikovi''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. nigrocincta''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''A. nuluensis''
| style="color:#000000;" | ''Trigona spp.''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| rowspan="1"| '''Ethiopia'''
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997">Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (1997). Multivariate analysis of honeybees, ''Apis mellifera'' Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of the Horn of Africa. African Entomology, 5, 57–64.</ref> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016">Tesfu, F. & Abebe, H. (2016). Current Trends of Honey Bee Genetic Resources in Ethiopia – A Review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(5), 31737-31739.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014">Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Radloff and Hepburn 1997"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/> <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Nuru et al. 2002"/> <ref name="Tesfu & Abebe 2016"/>
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''<nowiki>*+</nowiki>''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref>Bezabih, G., Adgaba, N., Hepburn, H. R., & Pirk, C. W. W. (2014). The Territorial Invasion of ''Apis florea'' in Africa. African Entomology, 22(4), 888–890.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag, Germany.</ref> <ref>Pauly, A., & Hora, Z. A. (2013). Apini and Meliponini from Ethiopia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Apinae). Belg. J. Entomol, 16, 1–36.</ref>
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| rowspan="1"|'''Indonesia'''
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | '''<nowiki>*+</nowiki>''' <ref>Anderson, D. L. (1994). Non-reproduction of ''Varroa jacobsoni'' in ''Apis mellifera'' colonies in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Apidologie, 25(4), 412–421.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016">Theisen-Jones, H., & Bienefeld, K. (2016). The Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana'') is Significantly in Decline. Bee World, 93(4), 90–97.</ref> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld 2016"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005">Roubik, D. W. (2005). Honeybees in Borneo. In D. W. Roubik, S. Sakai, & A. A. Hamid Karim (Hrsg.), Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest (Bd. 174, 89–103). New York: Springer-Verlag.</ref> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008">Hadisoesilo, S., Raffiudin, R., Susanti, W., Atmowidi, T., Hepburn, C., Radloff, S. E., … Hepburn, H. R. (2008). Morphometric analysis and biogeography of ''Apis koschevnikovi'' Enderlein (1906). Apidologie, 39(5), 495–503.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref>Hadisoesilo, S. (2001). Diversity in traditional techniques for enticing ''Apis dorsata'' colonies in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the 37th international congress. Apimondia, Durban.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Hadisoesilo et al. 2008"/>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/> <ref name="Roubik 2005"/> <ref>Tanaka, H., Roubik, D. W., Kato, M., Liew, F., & Gunsalam, G. (2001). Phylogenetic position of ''Apis nuluensis'' of northern Borneo and phylogeography of ''A. cerana'' as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Insectes Sociaux, 48(1), 44–51.</ref>
| style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Gupta et al. 2014"/>
|}

==References==
<references/>

SAMSwiki Reference List

2021-03-23T12:29:31Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''In this article, you find the current references used for all articles in the SAMSwiki. Today (23.03.2021), there were 259 references used to build the database.''' ..."

'''In this article, you find the current references used for all articles in the SAMSwiki. Today (23.03.2021), there were 259 references used to build the database.'''



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D7.1 – SAMS Project Website

D7.2 – Compendium of SAMS Newsletters
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Compendium-of-SAMS-Newsletters.pdf) *Deliverable has not been
approved and accepted by the EC

D7.2.1. SAMS Newsletter 09.2018 (download File:GA
780755 SAMS Newsletter vol1 092018.pdf)

D7.2.2. SAMS Newsletter 12.2018 (download File:GA
780755 SAMS Newsletter vol2 122018.pdf)

D7.2.3. SAMS Newsletter 03.2019 (download File:GA
780755 SAMS Newsletter vol3.pdf)

D7.2.4. SAMS Newsletter 06.2019 (download File:GA
780755 SAMS Newsletter vol.4 06.2019.pdf)

D7.2.5. SAMS Newsletter 09.2019
(download File:SAMS Newsletter vol5-1.pdf)

D7.2.6 SAMS Newsletter 12.2019 (download File:GA
780755 SAMS Newsletter vol6.pdf)

D7.2.7 SAMS Newsletter 03.2020 (download File:SAMS
Newsletter vol7.pdf)

D7.2.8 SAMS Newsletter 06.2020 (download File:SAMS
Newsletter vol82020.pdf)

D7.2.9 SAMS Newsletter 09.2020 (download File:SAMS
Newsletter vol92020.pdf)

D7.3 – Compendium of SAMS Publications and
Press Releases (download File:GA 780755
D.7.3.-Compendium-of-Publications-and-Press-Clippings.pdf)
*Deliverable has not been approved and accepted by the EC

D7.4 – Project Flyer (download File:GA
780755 D.7.4.-SAMS-Project-Flyer.pdf)

D7.5 – ICT Apiculture Network Conference
(SAMS Conference) (download File:GA 780755 D7.5 SAMS-Deliverable
ICT-Apiculture-Network-Conference SAMS-Conference.pdf) *Deliverable
has not been approved and accepted by the EC

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ሳምስዊኪን እንዴት እንጠቀማለን?

2021-02-23T12:48:52Z

KristinaG: Created page with "The SAMSwiki is a publicly available database dealing with bees and beekeeping in Ethiopia and Indonesia and has the approach of a continuously growing knowledge database. Not..."

The SAMSwiki is a publicly available database dealing with bees and beekeeping in Ethiopia and Indonesia and has the approach of a continuously growing knowledge database. Not only consortium members, but also researchers or simply interested people are invited to contribute content to existing topics or to create new chapters.
With the following instruction, readers are able to create accounts and to add content to the SAMSwiki.
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<gallery widths=350px heights=600px mode="packed-hover">
File:SAMSwiki-Flyerfront.jpg|SAMSwiki flyer front
File:SAMSwiki-Flyerserguide.jpg|SAMSwiki flyer back - manual
</gallery>
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'''1) 1) ድር ጣቢያን (website) (ምስል 1) https://wiki.sams-project.eu/index.php/Main_Page'''

<gallery widths=150px heights=350px mode="packed-hover">
File:Samswikihomepage.png|Figure 1: Main page of the SAMSwiki and its navigation bars on top and the left side.
</gallery>

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'''2) ይግቡ (ምስል 2):'''
* በዋናው ገጽ የቀኝ ጥግ ላይ የሚገኘውን “ግባ” ቁልፍን ጠቅ ያድርጉ

<gallery widths=150px heights=350px mode="packed-hover">
File:SamsWikiLogin.png|Figure 2: By clicking on the log in button you get access to the editing mode of the SAMSwiki.
</gallery>

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'''3) 3) መለያ ይፍጠሩ እና መድረስ (ምስል 3):'''
* በዋናው ገጽ የቀኝ ጥግ ላይ የሚገኘውን “መለያ ፍጠር” የሚለውን ቁልፍ ጠቅ ያድርጉ ፡፡
* የተጠቃሚ ስም እና የይለፍ ቃል ይምረጡ እና የኢሜል አድራሻዎን ያረጋግጡ ፡፡
* “መለያዎን ይፍጠሩ” ቁልፍን ጠቅ ያድርጉ።
* የግብዣ ደብዳቤ ከተቀበሉ በኋላ የይለፍ ቃልዎን ይቀይሩ።

<gallery widths=150px heights=350px mode="packed-hover">
File:SAMSwikiCreateaccount.JPG|Figure 3: Use the “edit” tab and the “safe page” button to edit an existing page.
</gallery>

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'''4) Edit an existing page (figure 4):'''
* Click the "Edit" page tab at the top of the page.
* Make changes to the text.
* Click the "Save page" button.

<gallery widths=150px heights=350px mode="packed-hover">
File:SAMSwikiEditPage.JPG|Figure 4: Use the “edit” tab and the “safe page” button to edit an existing page.

</gallery>

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'''5) Create a new page (figure 5):'''
* If you search for a page that does not exist (using the search box and "Go" button on the left of the page) then you will be provided with a link to create the new page.
* Click on the red coloured name of the new page (in the example given in the picture below: “Ethiopia”)
* Write your text
* Click on the “Safe page” button given on the end of the page (same as in “edit an existing page”)

<gallery widths=150px heights=350px mode="packed-hover">
File:SamsWikiCreatePage.JPG|Figure 5: Use the search box to create a new page.
</gallery>

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'''5) For further information (how to use html style, how to embed pictures, or tables, …) use the following link:''' https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Contents
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'''6) Citation style'''
The information provided in the SAMSwiki is based on scientific literature and on expert interviews. For this reason, always provide references to new content. To guarantee a uniform style of the SAMSwiki pages, use the following citation style: '''APA TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.'''
An instruction on the mentioned citation style is given under the URL (access date: 11.12.2018): https://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authors/style/reference/tf_APA.pdf

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<big>Consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.</big>

የሳምስዊኪ

2021-02-23T12:45:39Z

KristinaG: Created page with "ሳምስዊኪ( SAMSwiki) ስለ ንብ ማነብ ዕውቀት የመስመር ላይ የመረጃ ቋት ነው፡፡ ይህ ሳምስ የአውሮፓ ህብረት ፕሮጀ..."

ሳምስዊኪ( SAMSwiki) ስለ ንብ ማነብ ዕውቀት የመስመር ላይ የመረጃ ቋት ነው፡፡ ይህ ሳምስ የአውሮፓ ህብረት ፕሮጀክት <ref>(https://sams-project.eu/summary/)</ref> እና ከሁለቱ የፕሮጀክት አገራት ኢትዮጵያ እና ኢንዶኔዥያ ይጀምራል፡፡ በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ የአከባቢውን ስርዓቶች ለማጣጣም የቀደመው ሥራ ክለሳ ተካሂዋል፡፡ በሁለተኛው ደረጃ ላይ የተገኘው የንብ ማነብ ዕውቀት በአከባቢው የባለሙያ አስተያየት የተጠናከረ እና እዚህ በሳምስዊኪ ውስጥ ታትሟል፡፡

Amharic Ethiopian Apiculture

2021-02-23T12:44:42Z

KristinaG: Created page with "== የሳምስዊኪ == === ሳምስዊኪን እንዴት እንጠቀማለን? === === የሳምስዊኪ ማህበረሰብ === ---- == የንብ እ..."

== [[የሳምስዊኪ ]] ==
=== [[ሳምስዊኪን እንዴት እንጠቀማለን? ]] ===
=== [[የሳምስዊኪ ማህበረሰብ ]] ===
----

== [[የንብ እርባታ ቁልፍ ቁጥሮች ]] ==

===[[የንብ ዝርያዎች እና የንብ ዘሮች (ንዑስ ዝርያዎች) ]]===
===[[አፒስ ያልሆኑ እና የንብ ውጤቶችን ለማምረት የሚያገለገሉ ንቦች ]] ===

== [[የንብ ውጤቶች እና ንብ ሴክትር ]] ==
ንቦች ማርን ብቻ ሳይሆን ሌሎች እንደ ሰም፣ ጽጌብናኝ፣ ሙጫ፣ የተዘጋጀ ጽጌብናኝ (beebread) ወይም እንደ ንብ እጭ ያሉ በጣም አስፈላጊ ምርቶች እንዲሁ እንደ “ምርት” ሊቆጠሩ ይችላሉ። በዚህ ምዕራፍ ውስጥ የሚከተሉት ቁልፍ ቃላት ተብራርተዋል-ማር (ምርት፣ የማር ገበያ ዋጋ ሰንሰለት) ፣ የንብ ሰም (ስታቲስቲክስ ፣ ጠቀሜታ፣…) ፣ የጽጌብናኝ (ስታቲስቲክስ፣ ጠቀሜታ፣…)፣ የንብ ሙጫ (ስታቲስቲክስ ፣ ጠቀሜታ፣…)፣ የንብ ውጤትች ከውጭ አስመጪ እና ወደ ውጭ መላኪያ ዋጋ ተመን እና የምርቱ ሽልማቶች። በኢንዶኔዥያ ለጽጌብናኝ እና ለንብ ሙጫ የሚያነቃቃ ገበያ ቢገኝም የኢትዮጵያ የንብ ቢዝነስ በዋነኝነት የሚያተኩረው በማር ላይ ሲሆን በተወሰነ ደረጃ ደግሞ በንብ ሰም ላይ ነው ፡፡ የምግብ እና እርሻ ድርጅት (FAO) የቀረበውን መረጃ በማጠቃለል ኢትዮጵያ እንደተጣራ ማር ላኪ አገር ሊትቆጠር ትችላለች (በተለይም ወደ አውሮፓ)፣ ኢንዶኔዥያ ደግሞ የተጣራ አስመጪ (በተለይም ከእስያ) ናት፡፡ የንብ ምርቶች ሽልማቶች እንዲሁ በታቀፉ ሀገሮች እና በክልሎችም መካከል በጣም ይለያያሉ፡፡
===[[ማር ]]===
====[[የማር የገበያ እሴት ሰንሰለት]]====
===[[የንብ ሰም ]]===
===[[ጽጌብናኝ]]===
===[[የንብ ሙጫ (ፕሮፖሊስ)]]===
===[[Royal Jelly - Ethiopia]]===
===[[የንብ ውጤቶችን ከውጭ ማሰገባት/ወደ ውጭ መላክ]]===
===[[የመሸጫ ዋጋዎች]]===

== [[Bee forage - Ethiopia]] ==
The following chapter covers topics like local climate, number of melliferous plants and important literature, and major honey flows (plants, seasons). Nectar and pollen are key resources for honey bees and bees must be able to find sufficient quantity and quality within their foraging radii. The foraging radius depends on the bee race, the local climate as well as on the environment, but a benchmark of 3 km can be expected for European A. mellifera colonies. Not every blooming plant produces nectar AND pollen and they differ in terms of nectar and pollen production (protein content, quantity, quality and flowering time). In a consequence, a high diversity of bee forage around the apiary is from high importance for honey bee health and in a broader sense for the income of the beekeeper. The tropical climate of Ethiopia and Indonesia enables a high diversity in flora and fauna. While important literature on honey bee forage for Ethiopia exists and needs to be published for Indonesia, floral calendars for both countries are missing.
===[[Climate - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons) - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Flowering Calendar Ethiopia]]===
===[[Important crops and insect pollination]]===

== [[Beekeeping]] ==
The chapter beekeeping deals with the following topics: honey bee species used for beekeeping, other types of gaining bee products including honey hunting and meliponiculture, hive types, bee hive manual of Deliverable 3.1 from Holeta Bee Research Center (Ethiopia), hive management (supplemental feeding, prevention of swarming, …), locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice), biggest problems in beekeeping, status of migratory beekeeping, status of pollination business and beekeeping associations. Beekeeping or apiculture is the housing and maintaining of bees, mostly of the genus Apis, in hives. Not only the choice of the right honey bee race, but also the right hive-system and appropriate hive management contribute to successful and high profitable honey bee product yields. In this chapter honey bees that are used for beekeeping in the two target countries, as well as commonly used hive types and hive/colony management were assessed. In both target countries, the use of mostly traditional hive systems is common. In both countries the hive management plays a subordinate role, which means, that methods like supplementary feeding, requeening, swarm prevention or bee health management is not common in every region of the countries. Besides classical beekeeping, honey hunting and the use of stingless bees (meliponiculture) are widely practiced to gain bee products. The research results also indicated, that there is no nation-wide good beekeeping practice and no pollination business at all. There are few beekeeping associations and their structure differ from those of Europe. Constraints and problems regarding the beekeeping sector were also assessed resulting in a variety of problems, from lack of knowledge about bee biology to a lack of market or finance facilities.
----

===[[Honey bee species used for beekeeping - Ethiopia]]===

===[[Other types of gaining bee products, including honey hunting and meliponiculture - Ethiopia]]===

===[[Hive types - Ethiopia]]===
====[[Bee Hive Manual]]====
===[[Hive Management - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice) - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Biggest problems in beekeeping - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Status of migratory beekeeping - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Status of pollination business - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Beekeeping associations - Ethiopia]]===

== [[Bee pathology]] ==
There are numerous pests, pathogens and predators which affect the health of honey bee colonies and further may cause economic loss. Therefore, it is important for beekeepers to know about existing threats and how to treat a possible infestation. In the following chapter, an assessment on honey bee health status, major pests and predators and local treatment methods was conducted. Summarized, there is a wide variety of pests a pathogens that affect honey bee health in Ethiopia and Indonesia. They range from viruses, protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insecta to mites and mammals. In general, the research indicated that beekeepers in both countries underestimate the risk of honey bee diseases and that treatment methods, that are commonly used in the western world are unknown in Ethiopia and Indonesia. It is necessary to work on education dissemination to enlarge the understanding of honey bee biology and further increase the income.
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===[[Honey bee health (Overview) - Ethiopia]] ===
====[[Viruses - Ethiopia]]====
====[[Foulbrood - Ethiopia]]====
==== ''[[Nosema - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== [[Chalkbrood - Ethiopia]] ====
==== ''[[G. mellonella - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== ''[[B. coeca - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== [[Coleoptera - Ethiopia]] ====
==== [[Ants - Ethiopia]] ====
==== ''[[Varroa - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== ''[[Tropilaelaps spp. - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== ''[[A. woodi - Ethiopia]]'' ====
==== [[Others - Ethiopia]] ====

===[[Dealing with honey bee health issues - Ethiopia]] ===
===[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests - Ethiopia]]===
===[[Threats for introduction of new pests - Ethiopia]]===
==[[Education and dissemination - Ethiopia]]==

== [[Knowledge gaps - Ethiopia]] ==
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==[[Bee management and Bee health guide]]==
Good beekeeping practice (GBP) affects the health and productivity of a bee colony. As GBP strongly depends on its regional and environmental surroundings, it is not possible to formulate global rules of GBP. Within chapter 4 “Bee management and bee health guide” a very basic guideline is given on the most important beekeeping activities. To guarantee methods that are practiced in tropical climate, most of the content within the following chapter was retrieved from the books "Beekeeping Manual for beginners" by Holeta Bee Research Center and the APIRE project and from "Advanced Beekeeping Manual by Ethiopian Beekeepers Association and Netherlands Development Organization (SNV-Ethiopia).
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===[[Apiary site selection]]===
===[[Beekeeping equipment]]===
===[[Bee colony transfer]]===
===[[External hive inspection]]===
===[[Internal hive inspection]]===
===[[Honey harvest]]===
===[[Beeswax harvest]]===
===[[Pollen harvest]]===
===[[Propolis harvest]]===
===[[Absconding]]===
===[[Bee health management]]===

== [[የ SAMS አናቢ ለመሆን አሥርቱ የንብ አያያዝ ደንቦችን መከተል ያስፈልግዎታል]] ==

== [[Possibilities for smart bee management (Precision Beekeeping)]] ==
To assess the status of a honey bee colony, the beekeeper needs to visually inspect the inside of the '''[[hive types|hive]]'''. This procedure is time consuming and may stress the colony. The active monitoring and remote sensing by appropriate ICT solutions (Precision Beekeeping) may be a useful tool to support the '''[[Hive Management|management]]''' of '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|honey bee health]]''', colony development and even the bee productivity. One practice for Precision Beekeeping is the use of '''Decision Support Systems'''.
Without sufficient data analysis it is not possible to get added value from different bee colony measurement systems. Decision Support System (DSS) can be adapted for the Precision Beekeeping for automatic data analysis and is considered as one of the sub-systems of the Precision Beekeeping. Using different algorithms and models, DSS can help the beekeepers to identify different bee colony states and warn about abnormal situation of the colony. Different bee colony states may have different levels of importance and can be identified with different levels of reliability. DSS can process and combine data related to the bee colony weight, temperature, sound etc. DSS decisions can be split into two groups: individual rules, which are based on single colony monitoring and differential rules, which are based on comparison of different colonies within one apiary.
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===[[Identify threshold values for honey harvest]]===
===[[Identify swarming events]]===
===[[Biological definitions]]===
===[[Technical feasibility/SAMS definitions]]===

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==<big>'''[[The SAMS-project]]'''</big>==
===[[SAMS - Main Results]]===
===[[SAMS-Important Project News]]===
===[[SAMS-Material and Publications]]===
===[[SAMS Capacity Building]]===
===[[SAMS outcome - videos]]===
 
 
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===[[The SAMS-system]]===
====[[Acceptance of the SAMS-system in ET and ID]]====
===[[The SAMS Data Warehouse]]===
===[[SAMS-system based recommendations/management options]]===
===[[SAMS - Decision Support System]]===
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===[[SAMS Business Development]]===
===[[SAMS - Business Models]]===
===[[SAMS - Funding information]]===
===[[SAMS - Licence information]]===
===[[SAMS - Labels and certifications for bee products information]]===

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===[[User Centered Design (UCD)]]===
===[[UCD Glossary]]===
===[[SAMS - Personas]]===
===[[SAMS - AS-is Scenarios]]===
===[[SAMS - User Needs]]===
 

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==[[SAMSwiki Reference List]]==

Ethiopia

2021-02-23T12:21:54Z

KristinaG:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" style="width:50%; background:#FAC528; border:1px solid #CD9905;" valign="top" | <big><big>'''Apiculture in Ethiopia'''</big></big>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[English Ethiopian Apiculture | English]] get started here'''</big></big>
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #999999;" valign="top" |
 
[[File:2000px-Flag of Ethiopia.svg.png|200px|center]] <ref>Image Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg </ref> 
[[File:1200px-Un-ethiopia.png|200px|center]] <ref>Map: https://allaboutethio.com/30-old-and-new-ethiopian-maps-you-have-to-see.html</ref>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[Amharic Ethiopian Apiculture | Amharic]]'''</big></big>
|-
|}

 
----
==Overview==
 
<ref>https://sams-project.eu/summary/ethiopia/</ref></big> <ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ETH</ref> <ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html</ref> <ref>http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states1</ref> <ref>FAO. (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. URL (access date: 12.06.2018): http://faostat.fao.org</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Official name''' || Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|-
| '''Capital''' || Addis Ababa
|-
| '''Area''' || 1,104,300 km²
|-
| '''Regional States''' || further divided in eight hundred woredas and around 15,000 Kebeles; 9 ethnically based regional states: Afar, Amhara, Benshangul Gumuz, Gambella, Hareri, Oromia, Somali, Tigray, State of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP)
2 Chartered Cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
|-
| '''Population''' || 104,957,438
|-
| '''Demographic structure''' || 0-14 years: 43.5% (= 45.827.250)
15-24 years: 20.1% (= 21.175.350)

25-54 years: 29.6% (= 31.183.600)

55-64 years: 3.9% (= 4.108.650)

65 years and over: 2.9%* (= 3.055.150)
|-
| '''Life expectancy''' || Average: 65,9 years (men: 63 years, women: 67 years)
|-
| '''Currency (02.2021)''' || Birr (1$ = 40 Birr, 1€ = 49 Birr)
|-
| '''Official national language''' || Amharic (29,3%)
|-
| '''Additional Major languages''' || Oromo (33.8%), Somali (6.2%), Tigrigna (5.9%), Sidamo (4%), Wolaytta (2.2%), Gurage (2%), Afar (1.7%), Hadiyya (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Opuuo (1.2%), Kafa (1.1%), others (8.1%)
|-
| '''Ethnic groups'''|| Oromo (34.4%), Amhara (27%), Somali (6.2%), Tigray (6.1%), Sidama (4%), Gurage (2.5%), Welaita (2.3%), Hadiya (1.7%), Afar (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Silte (1.3%), Kefficho (1.2%), other (8.8%)
|-
| '''Religion''' || Ethiopian Orthodox (43.5%), Muslim (33.9%), Protestant (18.5%), traditional (2.7%), Catholic (0.7%), other (0.6%)
|}

==Ethiopia – a land of high civilizations, impressive and breathtaking landscapes, world heritage sites as well as myths and legends==
The oldest African independent country, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa with a population of around 105 million people, <ref>Worldbank (access: 05.10.2018) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=ETH</ref> of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas and it comprises at least 80 ethnic groups and as many languages. Compared to the EU, Ethiopia provides a home to 1/5 of the European population.<ref>Statista (access: 05.10.2018)https://www.statista.com/topics/921/european-union/</ref>

==History & Legends==

Ethiopia is one of the world´s oldest countries, with a history, which goes back at least 2000 years. Based on the legend of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, their son Menelik I founded the kingdom of Ethiopia, Aksum – the original center of Ethiopian civilization (today known as the region of Tigray).

Through the close link to the Red Sea Aksum established flourishing trade relations with Mediterranean countries, India and Arabia and it became Christian. Through the occupation of the coast of North Africa by Arabs in the 7th century, Ethiopia as a Christian country became isolated by the emergence of Islam. Various dynasties followed until the 13th century when Yekuno Amlak established a royal line, which survived until 20th century. Amhara became the home to the dynasty of Solomon and the central highlands of the kingdom of Shewa from which they ruled the entire region. <ref>History World (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2112&HistoryID=ab92&gtrack=pthc</ref>

Ethiopia became a sought-after destination and over the decades, it has had to protect itself against various intruders. In the 19th century, when Africa has been colonized and divided, and almost all African countries fell into European hands, Ethiopia successfully kept her freedom in the battle of Adwa.In 1930 Haile Selassie came to power as 225th Emperor of Ethiopia. He enforced the abolition of slavery and reformed his country, especially law and education. In 1936, Italian troops occupied the country. Liberation in 1941 by the Allied powers set the stage for Ethiopia to play a more prominent role in world affairs and was one of the first countries, which signed the Charter of the United Nations. In 1974 a domestic turmoil escalated into a military coup and the emperor of Ethiopia was deposed and murdered. This led to the abolition of the monarchy and the former empire became a socialist People’s Republic until 1991, when troops from Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Front (EPRDF)) invaded Addis Ababa and brought down the communist regime. In 1993 Eritrea gained its independence; in 1994a new constitution was introduced in Ethiopia. Border issues between Eritrea and Ethiopia led to a war over the exact border between the countries. In 2002 the controversial area around Badme was awarded to Eritrea. Ethiopia refused to accept the Commission’s decision by 2018. On June 5, 2018, the newly elected Ethiopian government accepted the provisions of the border agreement of 2002. This included the transfer of Badme to Eritrea. On July 8, 2018, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed stated that Ethiopia and Eritrea are resuming diplomatic relations and at the same time, a peace agreement was signed between the two countries. <ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/history?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ_page=6</ref>

==Economics and Development==
 
<ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/economy</ref> <ref>Lipportal (access: 04.10.2018) https://www.liportal.de/aethiopien/wirtschaft-entwicklung</ref>

Ethiopia is characterized by agriculture. The agricultural sector is the largest sector and employs 68% of the population. It accounts for just under 36% of gross domestic product (GDP) and consists of predominantly small-scale subsistence farming. The main agriculture and livestock products are cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, khat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats and fish.

As mentioned, Ethiopia has traditionally been a land of agriculture and livestock, but since it is haunted by several and frequent droughts the main goal of the country is the transformation from an agriculture-based economy into a manufacturing industry. To change and stabilize the economic structure the government developed a new strategy – Agricultural-Development-Led-Industrialization strategy. The strategy involves an export-led external sector, and internal emphasis on agriculture to supply commodities for exports, domestic food supply and industrial output, and expand markets for domestic manufacturing. Accordingly, although a number of reform steps have been undertaken (privatization, price liberalization, private sector registration also in the banking and insurance sectors). New reforms under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed also includes plans to partially or fully privatize state-owned companies such as Ethiopian Airlines, Ethiopian Telecom and other state-owned companies.

Even so, Ethiopia still depends highly on agriculture and livestock products the country became Africa’s fastest- growing economy with an average economic growth of more than 10 per cent since 2005/2006. Despite this fact, an estimated 23.50 % of Ethiopians still live below the poverty line (World Bank). Looking further into the UNDP´s Human Development Index (HDI 2018), Ethiopia ranks 173th in the list of 188 countries (category: low human development) it becomes clear that Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world which still has to fight against food insecurity and nutrition.

==Honeybees in Ethiopia and their connection to Ethiopian religion==
 
<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
''“And thy Lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in people’s habitations… there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for humankind. Verily in this is a Sign for those who give thought.”''

Also in the Christian church the bee as well as its products, honey and wax, are assigned particular significance. A legend says, “When Christ was crucified, his blood dripped to the ground; attracted by the sweetness of the red drops, bees flew by and collected the blood of Christ.” Thus, honey becomes the symbolic bearer of the blood of Christ and the Holy Scripture. The bee, on the other hand, who only feeds honey, which she gathers herself without damaging nature, embodies the believing Christian, who receives the word of God and gives it selfless.<ref>Imkerei Heiser (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.heiserimkerei.de/imkerei/geschichtliches/ueber-bienen.html</ref>

==Beekeeping and Bee-Health in Ethiopia (an excerpt)==
 

<ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</ref><ref>FAO (access: 12.06.2018) http://faostat.fao.org </ref><ref>MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report – Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N – Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref><ref>Nuru, A., Amssalu, B., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Swarming and migration in the honey bees (Apis mellifera) of Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(1–2), 35–41.</ref><ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47, 276–300.</ref><ref>Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (1997). Multivariate analysis of honeybees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of the Horn of Africa. African Entomology, 5, 57–64.</ref><ref>Tesfu, F. & Abebe, H. (2016). Current Trends of Honey Bee Genetic Resources in Ethiopia – A Review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(5), 31737-31739.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref><ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref><ref>Ministry of Agriculture 2013: Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia , International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, ISBN: 92–9146–410–4</ref><ref>Holeta Bee research</ref>
The abundance of prehistoric, mythological, religious, cultural and historical traces of bees and their products is immeasurable. Humans always found the honeybee as the crown of creation. The wonders inspire many people and many religions. So it happens that Allah mentioned the bee in the Quran and Muslims appreciate the valuable food very much.<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
Ethiopia has a long tradition of beekeeping and belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. The country is known to be the most populated landlocked country and the high population numbers underline the importance of the development of the apicultural sector. A developed apicultural sector not only increases the country’s natural food production, but also increases the incomes of not only professional beekeepers but also of farmers, using bees to pollinate their agricultural plants.
According to the data on honey import and export available from FAOSTAT, a provider of food and agricultural data, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe). In some regions of Ethiopia, the traditional alcoholic beverage tej is widely spread and high amounts of crude honey flow into the production of it. The honey and wax processors and exporters are important buyers of honey. Hence, the honey market is partially developed in Ethiopia. The situation of honey bee species and beekeeping differs from that in the European Union. Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee, is autochthonous in Ethiopia. So far, 5 sub-species were identified: A. m. bandasii, A. m. monticola, A. m. jemenitica, A. m. scutellate and A. m. woyi-gambella. In addition to that, stingless bees are also used for beekeeping, but the main focus lays on A. mellifera colonies. One of the biggest challenges in Ethiopian beekeeping currently is the transition from traditional beekeeping in different traditional beehives such as clay, straw, bamboo, log, etc. to the more profitable keeping of bees in modern hives, mostly Dadant, Langstroth or Zander. Another method to obtain honey in Ethiopia, is the traditional procedure of honey hunting from the numerous amounts of feral A. mellifera colonies, which are also used as a reservoir for managed colonies.
Honey bee health is not investigated as thoroughly as for example in the European Union or in North America. Ethiopian A. mellifera subspecies seem to cope with the introduced parasitic varroa mite better than the subspecies in Europe, and as a result, beekeepers do not apply regular colony treatments against the mite. There are also other pests and pathogens present in Ethiopia, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi or insects, such as the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida). Similarly, no treatment methods are applied against most of these pests, the most commonly applied control measures in Ethiopia focus on ants and wax moths. So far, in some regions beekeepers report honey bee health issues to the local district livestock offices and have the chance to send a sample of their observations to the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Holeta Bee Research Center, but little information is available on pest control and no national honey bee health programs exist. Thus, field research on honey bee health and the occurrence of pests and parasites, for example honey bee viruses, as well as training of beekeepers or extension workers in disease recognition and dissemination of control methods can be recommended.
Due to several factors like poor management of honey bee colonies and traditional production systems, the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. The main problems are limited availability of bee forage (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), water shortage (drought), the swarming behavior and absconding of honey bees, colony mortality, reduction of honey bee colonies, pests and predators (ants, honey badger, wax moths, Varroa...), absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials, indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides, the lack of storage and marketing facilities and, in general, a lack of know how. Scientific literature on beekeeping in Ethiopia is limited and thus, several knowledge gaps were identified. These knowledge gaps could stimulate further research, for example on the occurrence and mitigation of several honey bee pests or on proper management practices of beehives.

==References==
<references/>

Ethiopia

2021-02-23T12:21:10Z

KristinaG:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="width:50%; background:#FAC528; border:1px solid #CD9905;" valign="top" | <big><big>'''Apiculture in Ethiopia'''</big></big>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[English Ethiopian Apiculture | English]] get started here'''</big></big>
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #999999;" valign="top" |
 
[[File:2000px-Flag of Ethiopia.svg.png|200px|center]] <ref>Image Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg </ref> 
[[File:1200px-Un-ethiopia.png|200px|center]] <ref>Map: https://allaboutethio.com/30-old-and-new-ethiopian-maps-you-have-to-see.html</ref>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[Amharic Ethiopian Apiculture | Amharic]]'''</big></big>
|-
|}

 
----
==Overview==
 
<ref>https://sams-project.eu/summary/ethiopia/</ref></big> <ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ETH</ref> <ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html</ref> <ref>http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states1</ref> <ref>FAO. (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. URL (access date: 12.06.2018): http://faostat.fao.org</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Official name''' || Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|-
| '''Capital''' || Addis Ababa
|-
| '''Area''' || 1,104,300 km²
|-
| '''Regional States''' || further divided in eight hundred woredas and around 15,000 Kebeles; 9 ethnically based regional states: Afar, Amhara, Benshangul Gumuz, Gambella, Hareri, Oromia, Somali, Tigray, State of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP)
2 Chartered Cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
|-
| '''Population''' || 104,957,438
|-
| '''Demographic structure''' || 0-14 years: 43.5% (= 45.827.250)
15-24 years: 20.1% (= 21.175.350)

25-54 years: 29.6% (= 31.183.600)

55-64 years: 3.9% (= 4.108.650)

65 years and over: 2.9%* (= 3.055.150)
|-
| '''Life expectancy''' || Average: 65,9 years (men: 63 years, women: 67 years)
|-
| '''Currency (02.2021)''' || Birr (1$ = 40 Birr, 1€ = 49 Birr)
|-
| '''Official national language''' || Amharic (29,3%)
|-
| '''Additional Major languages''' || Oromo (33.8%), Somali (6.2%), Tigrigna (5.9%), Sidamo (4%), Wolaytta (2.2%), Gurage (2%), Afar (1.7%), Hadiyya (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Opuuo (1.2%), Kafa (1.1%), others (8.1%)
|-
| '''Ethnic groups'''|| Oromo (34.4%), Amhara (27%), Somali (6.2%), Tigray (6.1%), Sidama (4%), Gurage (2.5%), Welaita (2.3%), Hadiya (1.7%), Afar (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Silte (1.3%), Kefficho (1.2%), other (8.8%)
|-
| '''Religion''' || Ethiopian Orthodox (43.5%), Muslim (33.9%), Protestant (18.5%), traditional (2.7%), Catholic (0.7%), other (0.6%)
|}

==Ethiopia – a land of high civilizations, impressive and breathtaking landscapes, world heritage sites as well as myths and legends==
The oldest African independent country, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa with a population of around 105 million people, <ref>Worldbank (access: 05.10.2018) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=ETH</ref> of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas and it comprises at least 80 ethnic groups and as many languages. Compared to the EU, Ethiopia provides a home to 1/5 of the European population.<ref>Statista (access: 05.10.2018)https://www.statista.com/topics/921/european-union/</ref>

==History & Legends==

Ethiopia is one of the world´s oldest countries, with a history, which goes back at least 2000 years. Based on the legend of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, their son Menelik I founded the kingdom of Ethiopia, Aksum – the original center of Ethiopian civilization (today known as the region of Tigray).

Through the close link to the Red Sea Aksum established flourishing trade relations with Mediterranean countries, India and Arabia and it became Christian. Through the occupation of the coast of North Africa by Arabs in the 7th century, Ethiopia as a Christian country became isolated by the emergence of Islam. Various dynasties followed until the 13th century when Yekuno Amlak established a royal line, which survived until 20th century. Amhara became the home to the dynasty of Solomon and the central highlands of the kingdom of Shewa from which they ruled the entire region. <ref>History World (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2112&HistoryID=ab92&gtrack=pthc</ref>

Ethiopia became a sought-after destination and over the decades, it has had to protect itself against various intruders. In the 19th century, when Africa has been colonized and divided, and almost all African countries fell into European hands, Ethiopia successfully kept her freedom in the battle of Adwa.In 1930 Haile Selassie came to power as 225th Emperor of Ethiopia. He enforced the abolition of slavery and reformed his country, especially law and education. In 1936, Italian troops occupied the country. Liberation in 1941 by the Allied powers set the stage for Ethiopia to play a more prominent role in world affairs and was one of the first countries, which signed the Charter of the United Nations. In 1974 a domestic turmoil escalated into a military coup and the emperor of Ethiopia was deposed and murdered. This led to the abolition of the monarchy and the former empire became a socialist People’s Republic until 1991, when troops from Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Front (EPRDF)) invaded Addis Ababa and brought down the communist regime. In 1993 Eritrea gained its independence; in 1994a new constitution was introduced in Ethiopia. Border issues between Eritrea and Ethiopia led to a war over the exact border between the countries. In 2002 the controversial area around Badme was awarded to Eritrea. Ethiopia refused to accept the Commission’s decision by 2018. On June 5, 2018, the newly elected Ethiopian government accepted the provisions of the border agreement of 2002. This included the transfer of Badme to Eritrea. On July 8, 2018, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed stated that Ethiopia and Eritrea are resuming diplomatic relations and at the same time, a peace agreement was signed between the two countries. <ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/history?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ_page=6</ref>

==Economics and Development==
 
<ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/economy</ref> <ref>Lipportal (access: 04.10.2018) https://www.liportal.de/aethiopien/wirtschaft-entwicklung</ref>

Ethiopia is characterized by agriculture. The agricultural sector is the largest sector and employs 68% of the population. It accounts for just under 36% of gross domestic product (GDP) and consists of predominantly small-scale subsistence farming. The main agriculture and livestock products are cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, khat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats and fish.

As mentioned, Ethiopia has traditionally been a land of agriculture and livestock, but since it is haunted by several and frequent droughts the main goal of the country is the transformation from an agriculture-based economy into a manufacturing industry. To change and stabilize the economic structure the government developed a new strategy – Agricultural-Development-Led-Industrialization strategy. The strategy involves an export-led external sector, and internal emphasis on agriculture to supply commodities for exports, domestic food supply and industrial output, and expand markets for domestic manufacturing. Accordingly, although a number of reform steps have been undertaken (privatization, price liberalization, private sector registration also in the banking and insurance sectors). New reforms under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed also includes plans to partially or fully privatize state-owned companies such as Ethiopian Airlines, Ethiopian Telecom and other state-owned companies.

Even so, Ethiopia still depends highly on agriculture and livestock products the country became Africa’s fastest- growing economy with an average economic growth of more than 10 per cent since 2005/2006. Despite this fact, an estimated 23.50 % of Ethiopians still live below the poverty line (World Bank). Looking further into the UNDP´s Human Development Index (HDI 2018), Ethiopia ranks 173th in the list of 188 countries (category: low human development) it becomes clear that Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world which still has to fight against food insecurity and nutrition.

==Honeybees in Ethiopia and their connection to Ethiopian religion==
 
<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
''“And thy Lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in people’s habitations… there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for humankind. Verily in this is a Sign for those who give thought.”''

Also in the Christian church the bee as well as its products, honey and wax, are assigned particular significance. A legend says, “When Christ was crucified, his blood dripped to the ground; attracted by the sweetness of the red drops, bees flew by and collected the blood of Christ.” Thus, honey becomes the symbolic bearer of the blood of Christ and the Holy Scripture. The bee, on the other hand, who only feeds honey, which she gathers herself without damaging nature, embodies the believing Christian, who receives the word of God and gives it selfless.<ref>Imkerei Heiser (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.heiserimkerei.de/imkerei/geschichtliches/ueber-bienen.html</ref>

==Beekeeping and Bee-Health in Ethiopia (an excerpt)==
 

<ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</ref><ref>FAO (access: 12.06.2018) http://faostat.fao.org </ref><ref>MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report – Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N – Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref><ref>Nuru, A., Amssalu, B., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Swarming and migration in the honey bees (Apis mellifera) of Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(1–2), 35–41.</ref><ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47, 276–300.</ref><ref>Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (1997). Multivariate analysis of honeybees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of the Horn of Africa. African Entomology, 5, 57–64.</ref><ref>Tesfu, F. & Abebe, H. (2016). Current Trends of Honey Bee Genetic Resources in Ethiopia – A Review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(5), 31737-31739.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref><ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref><ref>Ministry of Agriculture 2013: Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia , International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, ISBN: 92–9146–410–4</ref><ref>Holeta Bee research</ref>
The abundance of prehistoric, mythological, religious, cultural and historical traces of bees and their products is immeasurable. Humans always found the honeybee as the crown of creation. The wonders inspire many people and many religions. So it happens that Allah mentioned the bee in the Quran and Muslims appreciate the valuable food very much.<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
Ethiopia has a long tradition of beekeeping and belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. The country is known to be the most populated landlocked country and the high population numbers underline the importance of the development of the apicultural sector. A developed apicultural sector not only increases the country’s natural food production, but also increases the incomes of not only professional beekeepers but also of farmers, using bees to pollinate their agricultural plants.
According to the data on honey import and export available from FAOSTAT, a provider of food and agricultural data, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe). In some regions of Ethiopia, the traditional alcoholic beverage tej is widely spread and high amounts of crude honey flow into the production of it. The honey and wax processors and exporters are important buyers of honey. Hence, the honey market is partially developed in Ethiopia. The situation of honey bee species and beekeeping differs from that in the European Union. Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee, is autochthonous in Ethiopia. So far, 5 sub-species were identified: A. m. bandasii, A. m. monticola, A. m. jemenitica, A. m. scutellate and A. m. woyi-gambella. In addition to that, stingless bees are also used for beekeeping, but the main focus lays on A. mellifera colonies. One of the biggest challenges in Ethiopian beekeeping currently is the transition from traditional beekeeping in different traditional beehives such as clay, straw, bamboo, log, etc. to the more profitable keeping of bees in modern hives, mostly Dadant, Langstroth or Zander. Another method to obtain honey in Ethiopia, is the traditional procedure of honey hunting from the numerous amounts of feral A. mellifera colonies, which are also used as a reservoir for managed colonies.
Honey bee health is not investigated as thoroughly as for example in the European Union or in North America. Ethiopian A. mellifera subspecies seem to cope with the introduced parasitic varroa mite better than the subspecies in Europe, and as a result, beekeepers do not apply regular colony treatments against the mite. There are also other pests and pathogens present in Ethiopia, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi or insects, such as the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida). Similarly, no treatment methods are applied against most of these pests, the most commonly applied control measures in Ethiopia focus on ants and wax moths. So far, in some regions beekeepers report honey bee health issues to the local district livestock offices and have the chance to send a sample of their observations to the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Holeta Bee Research Center, but little information is available on pest control and no national honey bee health programs exist. Thus, field research on honey bee health and the occurrence of pests and parasites, for example honey bee viruses, as well as training of beekeepers or extension workers in disease recognition and dissemination of control methods can be recommended.
Due to several factors like poor management of honey bee colonies and traditional production systems, the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. The main problems are limited availability of bee forage (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), water shortage (drought), the swarming behavior and absconding of honey bees, colony mortality, reduction of honey bee colonies, pests and predators (ants, honey badger, wax moths, Varroa...), absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials, indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides, the lack of storage and marketing facilities and, in general, a lack of know how. Scientific literature on beekeeping in Ethiopia is limited and thus, several knowledge gaps were identified. These knowledge gaps could stimulate further research, for example on the occurrence and mitigation of several honey bee pests or on proper management practices of beehives.

==References==
<references/>

Ethiopia

2021-02-23T12:20:38Z

KristinaG:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="width:50%; background:#FAC528; border:1px solid #CD9905;" valign="top" | <big><big>'''Apiculture in Ethiopia'''</big></big>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[English Ethiopian Apiculture | English]] get started here'''</big></big>
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #999999;" valign="top" |
 
[[File:2000px-Flag of Ethiopia.svg.png|200px|center]] <ref>Image Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg </ref> 
[[File:1200px-Un-ethiopia.png|200px|center]] <ref>Map: https://allaboutethio.com/30-old-and-new-ethiopian-maps-you-have-to-see.html</ref>
|-
| <big><big>'''[[Amharic Ethiopian Apiculture | Amharic]]'''</big></big>
|-
|}

==Overview==
 
<ref>https://sams-project.eu/summary/ethiopia/</ref></big> <ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ETH</ref> <ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html</ref> <ref>http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states1</ref> <ref>FAO. (2018). FAOSTAT database collections. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. URL (access date: 12.06.2018): http://faostat.fao.org</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Official name''' || Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|-
| '''Capital''' || Addis Ababa
|-
| '''Area''' || 1,104,300 km²
|-
| '''Regional States''' || further divided in eight hundred woredas and around 15,000 Kebeles; 9 ethnically based regional states: Afar, Amhara, Benshangul Gumuz, Gambella, Hareri, Oromia, Somali, Tigray, State of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP)
2 Chartered Cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
|-
| '''Population''' || 104,957,438
|-
| '''Demographic structure''' || 0-14 years: 43.5% (= 45.827.250)
15-24 years: 20.1% (= 21.175.350)

25-54 years: 29.6% (= 31.183.600)

55-64 years: 3.9% (= 4.108.650)

65 years and over: 2.9%* (= 3.055.150)
|-
| '''Life expectancy''' || Average: 65,9 years (men: 63 years, women: 67 years)
|-
| '''Currency (02.2021)''' || Birr (1$ = 40 Birr, 1€ = 49 Birr)
|-
| '''Official national language''' || Amharic (29,3%)
|-
| '''Additional Major languages''' || Oromo (33.8%), Somali (6.2%), Tigrigna (5.9%), Sidamo (4%), Wolaytta (2.2%), Gurage (2%), Afar (1.7%), Hadiyya (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Opuuo (1.2%), Kafa (1.1%), others (8.1%)
|-
| '''Ethnic groups'''|| Oromo (34.4%), Amhara (27%), Somali (6.2%), Tigray (6.1%), Sidama (4%), Gurage (2.5%), Welaita (2.3%), Hadiya (1.7%), Afar (1.7%), Gamo (1.5%), Gedeo (1.3%), Silte (1.3%), Kefficho (1.2%), other (8.8%)
|-
| '''Religion''' || Ethiopian Orthodox (43.5%), Muslim (33.9%), Protestant (18.5%), traditional (2.7%), Catholic (0.7%), other (0.6%)
|}

==Ethiopia – a land of high civilizations, impressive and breathtaking landscapes, world heritage sites as well as myths and legends==
The oldest African independent country, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa with a population of around 105 million people, <ref>Worldbank (access: 05.10.2018) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=ETH</ref> of which more than 84 percent live in rural areas and it comprises at least 80 ethnic groups and as many languages. Compared to the EU, Ethiopia provides a home to 1/5 of the European population.<ref>Statista (access: 05.10.2018)https://www.statista.com/topics/921/european-union/</ref>

==History & Legends==

Ethiopia is one of the world´s oldest countries, with a history, which goes back at least 2000 years. Based on the legend of the Queen of Sheba and Solomon, their son Menelik I founded the kingdom of Ethiopia, Aksum – the original center of Ethiopian civilization (today known as the region of Tigray).

Through the close link to the Red Sea Aksum established flourishing trade relations with Mediterranean countries, India and Arabia and it became Christian. Through the occupation of the coast of North Africa by Arabs in the 7th century, Ethiopia as a Christian country became isolated by the emergence of Islam. Various dynasties followed until the 13th century when Yekuno Amlak established a royal line, which survived until 20th century. Amhara became the home to the dynasty of Solomon and the central highlands of the kingdom of Shewa from which they ruled the entire region. <ref>History World (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2112&HistoryID=ab92&gtrack=pthc</ref>

Ethiopia became a sought-after destination and over the decades, it has had to protect itself against various intruders. In the 19th century, when Africa has been colonized and divided, and almost all African countries fell into European hands, Ethiopia successfully kept her freedom in the battle of Adwa.In 1930 Haile Selassie came to power as 225th Emperor of Ethiopia. He enforced the abolition of slavery and reformed his country, especially law and education. In 1936, Italian troops occupied the country. Liberation in 1941 by the Allied powers set the stage for Ethiopia to play a more prominent role in world affairs and was one of the first countries, which signed the Charter of the United Nations. In 1974 a domestic turmoil escalated into a military coup and the emperor of Ethiopia was deposed and murdered. This led to the abolition of the monarchy and the former empire became a socialist People’s Republic until 1991, when troops from Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Front (EPRDF)) invaded Addis Ababa and brought down the communist regime. In 1993 Eritrea gained its independence; in 1994a new constitution was introduced in Ethiopia. Border issues between Eritrea and Ethiopia led to a war over the exact border between the countries. In 2002 the controversial area around Badme was awarded to Eritrea. Ethiopia refused to accept the Commission’s decision by 2018. On June 5, 2018, the newly elected Ethiopian government accepted the provisions of the border agreement of 2002. This included the transfer of Badme to Eritrea. On July 8, 2018, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed stated that Ethiopia and Eritrea are resuming diplomatic relations and at the same time, a peace agreement was signed between the two countries. <ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/history?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_56_INSTANCE_eglYuFCcMdKJ_page=6</ref>

==Economics and Development==
 
<ref>Ethiopian Government Portal (access: 05.10.2018) http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/economy</ref> <ref>Lipportal (access: 04.10.2018) https://www.liportal.de/aethiopien/wirtschaft-entwicklung</ref>

Ethiopia is characterized by agriculture. The agricultural sector is the largest sector and employs 68% of the population. It accounts for just under 36% of gross domestic product (GDP) and consists of predominantly small-scale subsistence farming. The main agriculture and livestock products are cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, khat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats and fish.

As mentioned, Ethiopia has traditionally been a land of agriculture and livestock, but since it is haunted by several and frequent droughts the main goal of the country is the transformation from an agriculture-based economy into a manufacturing industry. To change and stabilize the economic structure the government developed a new strategy – Agricultural-Development-Led-Industrialization strategy. The strategy involves an export-led external sector, and internal emphasis on agriculture to supply commodities for exports, domestic food supply and industrial output, and expand markets for domestic manufacturing. Accordingly, although a number of reform steps have been undertaken (privatization, price liberalization, private sector registration also in the banking and insurance sectors). New reforms under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed also includes plans to partially or fully privatize state-owned companies such as Ethiopian Airlines, Ethiopian Telecom and other state-owned companies.

Even so, Ethiopia still depends highly on agriculture and livestock products the country became Africa’s fastest- growing economy with an average economic growth of more than 10 per cent since 2005/2006. Despite this fact, an estimated 23.50 % of Ethiopians still live below the poverty line (World Bank). Looking further into the UNDP´s Human Development Index (HDI 2018), Ethiopia ranks 173th in the list of 188 countries (category: low human development) it becomes clear that Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world which still has to fight against food insecurity and nutrition.

==Honeybees in Ethiopia and their connection to Ethiopian religion==
 
<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
''“And thy Lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in people’s habitations… there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for humankind. Verily in this is a Sign for those who give thought.”''

Also in the Christian church the bee as well as its products, honey and wax, are assigned particular significance. A legend says, “When Christ was crucified, his blood dripped to the ground; attracted by the sweetness of the red drops, bees flew by and collected the blood of Christ.” Thus, honey becomes the symbolic bearer of the blood of Christ and the Holy Scripture. The bee, on the other hand, who only feeds honey, which she gathers herself without damaging nature, embodies the believing Christian, who receives the word of God and gives it selfless.<ref>Imkerei Heiser (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.heiserimkerei.de/imkerei/geschichtliches/ueber-bienen.html</ref>

==Beekeeping and Bee-Health in Ethiopia (an excerpt)==
 

<ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</ref><ref>FAO (access: 12.06.2018) http://faostat.fao.org </ref><ref>MoARD (2007). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Livestock Development Master Plan Study. Phase I Report – Data Collection and Analysis, Volume N – Apiculture. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref><ref>Nuru, A., Amssalu, B., Hepburn, H. R., & Radloff, S. E. (2002). Swarming and migration in the honey bees (Apis mellifera) of Ethiopia. Journal of Apicultural Research, 41(1–2), 35–41.</ref><ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47, 276–300.</ref><ref>Radloff, S. E., & Hepburn, H. R. (1997). Multivariate analysis of honeybees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of the Horn of Africa. African Entomology, 5, 57–64.</ref><ref>Tesfu, F. & Abebe, H. (2016). Current Trends of Honey Bee Genetic Resources in Ethiopia – A Review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(5), 31737-31739.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref><ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref><ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref><ref>Ministry of Agriculture 2013: Apiculture value chain vision and strategy for Ethiopia , International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, ISBN: 92–9146–410–4</ref><ref>Holeta Bee research</ref>
The abundance of prehistoric, mythological, religious, cultural and historical traces of bees and their products is immeasurable. Humans always found the honeybee as the crown of creation. The wonders inspire many people and many religions. So it happens that Allah mentioned the bee in the Quran and Muslims appreciate the valuable food very much.<ref>The Religion of Islam (access: 08.10.2018) https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/10321/liquid-gold-benefits-of-honey/</ref>
Ethiopia has a long tradition of beekeeping and belongs to the largest honey producers in Africa and is among the top ten worldwide. The country is known to be the most populated landlocked country and the high population numbers underline the importance of the development of the apicultural sector. A developed apicultural sector not only increases the country’s natural food production, but also increases the incomes of not only professional beekeepers but also of farmers, using bees to pollinate their agricultural plants.
According to the data on honey import and export available from FAOSTAT, a provider of food and agricultural data, Ethiopia can be regarded as a net exporter of honey (mostly to Europe). In some regions of Ethiopia, the traditional alcoholic beverage tej is widely spread and high amounts of crude honey flow into the production of it. The honey and wax processors and exporters are important buyers of honey. Hence, the honey market is partially developed in Ethiopia. The situation of honey bee species and beekeeping differs from that in the European Union. Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee, is autochthonous in Ethiopia. So far, 5 sub-species were identified: A. m. bandasii, A. m. monticola, A. m. jemenitica, A. m. scutellate and A. m. woyi-gambella. In addition to that, stingless bees are also used for beekeeping, but the main focus lays on A. mellifera colonies. One of the biggest challenges in Ethiopian beekeeping currently is the transition from traditional beekeeping in different traditional beehives such as clay, straw, bamboo, log, etc. to the more profitable keeping of bees in modern hives, mostly Dadant, Langstroth or Zander. Another method to obtain honey in Ethiopia, is the traditional procedure of honey hunting from the numerous amounts of feral A. mellifera colonies, which are also used as a reservoir for managed colonies.
Honey bee health is not investigated as thoroughly as for example in the European Union or in North America. Ethiopian A. mellifera subspecies seem to cope with the introduced parasitic varroa mite better than the subspecies in Europe, and as a result, beekeepers do not apply regular colony treatments against the mite. There are also other pests and pathogens present in Ethiopia, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi or insects, such as the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida). Similarly, no treatment methods are applied against most of these pests, the most commonly applied control measures in Ethiopia focus on ants and wax moths. So far, in some regions beekeepers report honey bee health issues to the local district livestock offices and have the chance to send a sample of their observations to the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Holeta Bee Research Center, but little information is available on pest control and no national honey bee health programs exist. Thus, field research on honey bee health and the occurrence of pests and parasites, for example honey bee viruses, as well as training of beekeepers or extension workers in disease recognition and dissemination of control methods can be recommended.
Due to several factors like poor management of honey bee colonies and traditional production systems, the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. The main problems are limited availability of bee forage (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), water shortage (drought), the swarming behavior and absconding of honey bees, colony mortality, reduction of honey bee colonies, pests and predators (ants, honey badger, wax moths, Varroa...), absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials, indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides, the lack of storage and marketing facilities and, in general, a lack of know how. Scientific literature on beekeeping in Ethiopia is limited and thus, several knowledge gaps were identified. These knowledge gaps could stimulate further research, for example on the occurrence and mitigation of several honey bee pests or on proper management practices of beehives.

==References==
<references/>

File:1200px-Un-ethiopia.png

2021-02-23T11:51:50Z

KristinaG: Image Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Map: https://allaboutethio.com/30-old-and-new-ethiopian-maps-you-have-to-see.html

== Summary ==
Image Source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg
Map: https://allaboutethio.com/30-old-and-new-ethiopian-maps-you-have-to-see.html

B. coeca - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:42:36Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and rich in protein jelly directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secre..."

'''''Braula coeca''''' (Diptera; Braulidae), also known as '''bee louse''', feeds on nectar and rich in protein jelly directly from the honey bee, as well as on material secreted by the host. Their larvae tunnel through the hive, damaging it and nourish on the honey and pollen. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> There is evidence, that an infestation of ''B. coeca'' leads to a reduction of worker bees and further reduces honey production rate. <ref name="Adeday 2012">Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref> A study showed, that a treatment with tobacco smoke reduces the amount of ''Braula orientalis'' and increases honey yield (compared to untreated hives). <ref>Al Ghzawi, A. A.-M., Zaitoun, S., & Shannag, H. (2009). Management of ''Braula orientalis'' Örösi (Diptera: Braulidae) in honeybee colonies with tobacco smoke under semiarid conditions. Entomological Research, 39(3), 168–174. </ref> This method may also be effective for hives, infested with ''B. coeca''. At low presence, impact on honey bee populations is negligible, but ''Braula'' is known to play an important role as a vector of viruses and other diseases. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' Adeday et al. (2012) reported an infestation level of 3-6% in Ethiopia, but ''B. coeca'' is considered to be a negligible risk. <ref name="Adeday 2012"/> <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> A study by Haylegebriel (2014) revealed, that the hive type (transitional<modern<traditional) and the management type (apiary<backyard beekeeping) are significantly associated with the prevalence in infestation rate of ''B. coeca''. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Knowledge gaps

2021-02-23T10:41:13Z

KristinaG:

Based on the so far evaluated literature and expert interviews, the following knowledge gaps were identified and need further attention (23.02.2021):
----

<big>'''Ethiopia'''</big>
* no record of exact '''[[Key numbers of apiculture|number of beekeepers]]
* there is a '''[[beeswax]]''' business, but no information on its use is available
* information on a '''[[propolis]]''' business is missing (no statistics, use, ...)
* a floral calendar of important '''[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature|melliferous plants]]''' is missing
* fragmentary published data on '''[[Hive Management]]'''; none of the provided information is representative for the whole country, but for regions only. Bee health management based on communication, but no records available
* '''[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)|good beekeeping practice]]''' exists, but is underdeveloped
* information on '''[[Status of migratory beekeeping|migratory beekeeping]]''' is missing
* no '''[[Status of pollination business|pollination business]]''', further research and education is necessary
* no studies on honey bee '''[[viruses]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[foulbrood]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[Nosema|''N. ceranae'']]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]''''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* the methods of local beekeepers to '''[[Dealing with honey bee health issues|deal with honey bee health issues]]''' are only based on personal communication.

----

<big>'''Indonesia'''</big>
* beekeeping related '''[[Key numbers of apiculture|keynumbers]]''' are missing (no. of beekeepers, no. of hives, amount of produced honey, etc...)
* '''[[Honey bee species and subspecies|''A. mellifera'']]''' was introduced to Indonesia, but morphological and genetic studies are needed to identify the origin(s) of the introduced ''A. mellifera'' subspecies
* '''[[honey]]''' production statistics are missing or are only based on estimations. Almost no current studies on quality assessment of Indonesian honey bee products are available
* the '''[[honey market value chain]]''' is only based on personal communication with local scientists. No studies or publications available
* no information on '''[[beeswax]]''' (statistics, use, ...)
* '''[[pollen]]''' business related information is only based on personal communication with local scientists. No studies or publications available
* a '''[[propolis]]''' business exists, but no statistics or further details are available
* few literature deals with important '''[[Number of melliferous plants and important literature|melliferous plants]]''' and a floral calendar is missing
* honey harvesting '''[[Major honey flows (plants, seasons)|season(s)]]''' is/are not well defined and only based on personal communication with local scientists. No studies or publications available
* literature on existing and commonly used '''[[hive types]]''' is missing and only based on personal communication with local scientists. No studies or publications available
* fragmentary published data on '''[[Hive Management]]'''; none of the provided information is representative for the whole country, but for regions only. Bee health management based on communication, but no records available
* '''[[Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice)|good beekeeping practice]]''' is non-existing
* '''[[Status of migratory beekeeping|migratory beekeeping]]''' with ''A. mellifera'' exists, but the knowledge is only based on personal communication with local scientists and detailed information is missing. No studies or publications available
* studies dealing with beekeeping problems and constraints are missing, but it is assumed, that Indonesia has similar problems as Ethiopia
* no '''[[Status of pollination business|pollination business]]''', further research and education is necessary
* '''[[beekeeping associations]]''' comparable to European associations do not exist
* no studies on honey bee '''[[viruses]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[others|''Malpighamoeba mellificae'']]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[others|birds]]''' affecting the honey bee colony's size are available (species, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[foulbrood]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[Nosema|''N. apis'']]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[chalkbrood]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[G. mellonella|wax moths]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[B. coeca|bee lice]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* no studies on '''[[Coleoptera|small, or adult large hive beetles]]''' are available (presence, distribution, severity, ...)
* the methods of local beekeepers to '''[[Dealing with honey bee health issues|deal with honey bee health issues]]''' are only based on personal communication.
* knowledge gap on '''[[Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests|treating honey bee diseases]]'''. No studies or publications available
* no information on institutions, who offer nationwide '''[[education and dissemination]]''' of beekeeping related topics

Knowledge gaps - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:41:04Z

KristinaG: Created page with "Based on the so far evaluated literature and expert interviews, the following knowledge gaps were identified and need further attention (23.02.2021): ---- <span style="colo..."

Education and dissemination - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:40:40Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''Ethiopia:''' In general, most of the Ethiopian beekeepers are not properly trained and have not visited beekeeping training centers, but gained their knowledge from further..."

'''Ethiopia:''' In general, most of the Ethiopian beekeepers are not properly trained and have not visited beekeeping training centers, but gained their knowledge from further generations within the family/village. <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> There is not much information on beekeeping training sites, but one example is: “Honeys of Ethiopia”, a network that brings together producers and consumers. They offer technical support, knowledge exchange and beekeeping training, and they also promote the products nationally and internationally. <ref>Honey of Ethiopia (2018). URL (access date: 22.5.2018): https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/honeys-of-ethiopia/</ref> The Ethiopian Society of Apiculture Science (ESAS) provides training manuals that can be purchased from the office of ESAS. They were written in English and in three different local languages and they contain guidelines/manuals for quality production, honey bee product harvesting and postharvest management. <ref>Negash B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> Holeta Bee Research Center also provides hard copies of simplified training manuals for beekeepers, including a production manual for different beekeeping equipments. There are also several '''[[Beekeeping associations]]''' and projects formed by NGOs and GOs, aiming the training of Ethiopian beekeepers.

==References==
<references/>

Threats for introduction of new pests - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:40:04Z

KristinaG: Created page with "Throughout history, with all the exploration trips and globalization, diseases affecting '''honey bee health''' have been spread wor..."

Throughout history, with all the exploration trips and globalization, diseases affecting '''[[Honey bee health (Overview) - Ethiopia|honey bee health]]''' have been spread worldwide. That led to host-shifts of pests/pathogens between introduced and native [[honey bee species and subspecies]]. '''[[Varroa|''Varroa destructor'']]''' and '''[[Nosema|''Nosema ceranae'']]''' are known to have swapped over from '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. cerana'']]''' to '''[[honey bee species and subspecies|''A. mellifera'']]''', when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia. On the opposite, '''Thai Sac Brood Virus''', '''Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus''' and several '''tracheal mites''' were originally observed in ''A. mellifera'' before spreading to ''A. cerana''. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref> <ref>Theisen-Jones, H., & Bienefeld, K. (2016). The Asian Honey Bee (''Apis cerana'') is Significantly in Decline. Bee World, 93(4), 90–97.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' The exchange of diseases or parasites is always possible through neighbouring countries (i.e. Eritrea, Uganda, Somalia, Kenya, Sudan, South-Sudan, or Djibouti). '''[[Foulbrood]]''' is so far no officially observed disease in Ethiopia, but was detected in Eritrea and therefore may spread through the international border to Ethiopia and other neighbouring countries. <ref name="Ellis">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> '''[[Tropilaelaps spp. - Ethiopia|''Tropilaelaps'' spp.]]''' was discovered in Kenya. <ref name="Ellis"/> While in Uganda only the Black queen cell '''[[Viruses - Ethiopia|virus]]''' (BQCV) was detected, <ref>Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., …, & Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.</ref> in Kenya, three viruses affecting the health of honey bees were observed: Deformed Wing Virus, BQCV and Acute bee paralysis virus. <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> Another notable factor is the international trade and transport of honey bee colonies.

Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:39:18Z

KristinaG: Created page with "Ritter and Akratanakul (2006) published a guide that summarizes the most common honey bee pests and diseases as well as its most favourable '''treatment methods'''. The public..."

Ritter and Akratanakul (2006) published a guide that summarizes the most common honey bee pests and diseases as well as its most favourable '''treatment methods'''. The publication is available as '''open access''' via the website of FAO. <ref>Ritter, W., & Akratanakul, P. (2006). Agricultural and Food Engineering Technical Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 4, 1-39. URL (access date: 14.06.2018): www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/a0849e/A0849e00.pdf</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' To treat an infestation with '''[[ants - Ethiopia]]''', Ethiopian beekeepers use several methods such as placing the hive on small cans and fill them with ash and dirty engine oil, bring out ash around the '''[[hive types - Ethiopia|hive]]''', frequent smoking or using local eucalyptus leaves for fumigation. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Teklu 2016">Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> Several studies revealed, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in Ethiopia. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Modern methods include the use of benzene, malathion and smooth iron sheets. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> People use dogs or cats, fence their apiaries or hang their hives into trees to protect them from predators like '''[[Others - Ethiopia|honey badgers or mice]]'''. One traditional method to "treat" an infestation with '''[[B. coeca - Ethiopia|bee lice]]''' is smoking or fumigating the hive with e.g. tobacco, dung, grass, or offer supplemental food. <ref name="Bekele"/> So far, no information on regular treatment against '''''[[varroa - Ethiopia]]''''' mites was published, it therefore can be considered, that in most regions of Ethiopia, no treatment at all is applied. Reasons may be a lack of knowledge on the severe impact of '''''Varroa'' spp.''' on honey bees or simply a higher resistance of African honey bee populations may be possible. Studies suggested, that '''[[propolis - Ethiopia]]''' acts as a natural acaricide and therefore may be a possible treatment method against '''''[[Varroa - Ethiopia]]'''''. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Shimelis, M., Yared, K., & Desalegn, B. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-''Varroa'' Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320-331.</ref> In a study conducted by Teklu (2016), beekeepers from southern Ethiopia practiced following traditional methods to destroy mites in the hives: burning, killing, and removing the whole hive. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> To treat an infestation with the '''[[Coleoptera - Ethiopia|Small Hive Beetle]]''' (SHB), Alemayehu et al. (2018) recommend to combine seasonal colony management (removing unoccupied frames, regular hive cleaning, additional feeding in the dearth period, …) with the trapping of '''SHB'''s’ larvae by dead brood trap to increase the treatment success. <ref>Alemayehu, G., Amssalu, B., & Taye N. (2018). Investigating the effect and control of small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (murray) on honeybee colonies in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 6(8), 1-6.</ref> Other treatment methods include the use of DDT, or roach killer but those methods have a negative effect on the environment. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with '''[[G. mellonella - Ethiopia|wax moths]]''' ('''''G. mellonella''''', '''''Achroia grisella'''''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> Summarized, traditional control methods against ants, wax moths, beetles mammals or birds are practiced<ref>Teklu, G. (2016) Assessment of major Honey bee flora resources on selected districts of Sidama and Gedeo zones of South nations nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref>, but the treatment of "unvisible" organisms like fungi, or bacteria is not common at all. <ref name="Bekele">Bekele, T., Genet, D., & Temaro, G. (2017). Assessment of honeybee enemies (pests and predators) in Bale zone, southeastern Ethiopia. J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev., 9(4), 53-61.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Dealing with honey bee health issues - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:37:14Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''Ethiopia:''' According to a local scientist (Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia), beekeepers, who recognise honey bee health problems within their bee colonies, have to r..."

'''Ethiopia:''' According to a local scientist (Holeta Bee Research Center, Ethiopia), beekeepers, who recognise honey bee health problems within their bee colonies, have to report to the district livestock offices. Most of the beekeepers have a lack of knowledge when it comes to identify pests like ''Varroa'', or microscopic pathogens like fungi or bacteria. Thus, they report the observed symptoms and/or pass on samples of the hive to the district livestock offices. The office respond to the report and if they cannot help properly, they collect the information or even samples from the particular apiary to send it to the Holeta Bee Research Center for further identification and to provide required solutions. Based on the outcome, they give feedback and offer suggestions for handling the health issue. If there is no outcome, the honey bee health team will travel to the localities to further study the case. Unfortunately, there is a lack of published information on that topic.

Others - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:36:51Z

KristinaG:

There are several other '''pests''', '''pathogens''' and '''predators''' affecting the health of honey bees:
----

'''''Malpighamoeba mellificae''''' (Amoebozoa; Malpighamoebidae) is known to be the causative agent of '''amoeba disease'''. '''''M. mellificae''''' is a single celled parasite affecting the malpighian tubules of honey bees. As a result, the life cycle of bees is shortened. <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014">Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' Within Ethiopia, the existence of '''''M. mellificae''''' has first been reported in 1998 by Amssalu and Desalegn, but it is considered as a negligible risk. <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>

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'''Birds''' of the family Meropidae (Coraciiformes). A single bee eater is able to consume up to 600 honey bees per day. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' Bee eaters are present within Ethiopia, but their occurence does not have a severe impact on local apiaries. They attack honey bee colonies especially during rainy seasons and beekeepers may decrease bird pressure by setting up scarecrows in their apiary. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Awraris 2012">Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref>

----
'''''Mellivora capensis''''' (Carnivora; Mustelidae). The honey badger breaks up the hive to rob the combs and feed on it. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' The honey badger damages honey bee colonies in the months November to April due to increased brood and honey in the hives. <ref name="Awraris 2012"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Others - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:35:42Z

KristinaG: Created page with "There are several other '''pests''', '''pathogens''' and '''predators''' affecting the health of honey bees: ---- '''''Malpighamoeba mellificae''''' (Amoebozoa; Malpighamoeb..."

There are several other '''pests''', '''pathogens''' and '''predators''' affecting the health of honey bees:
----

'''''Malpighamoeba mellificae''''' (Amoebozoa; Malpighamoebidae) is known to be the causative agent of '''amoeba disease'''. '''''M. mellificae''''' is a single celled parasite affecting the malpighian tubules of honey bees. As a result, the life cycle of bees is shortened. <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014">Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' Within Ethiopia, the existence of '''''M. mellificae''''' has first been reported in 1998 by Amssalu and Desalegn, but it is considered as a negligible risk. <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>

----
'''Birds''' of the family Meropidae (Coraciiformes). A single bee eater is able to consume up to 600 honey bees per day. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' Bee eaters are present within Ethiopia, but their occurence does not have a severe impact on local apiaries. They attack honey bee colonies especially during rainy seasons and beekeepers may decrease bird pressure by setting up scarecrows in their apiary. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Awraris 2012">Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref>
'''''Mellivora capensis''''' (Carnivora; Mustelidae). The honey badger breaks up the hive to rob the combs and feed on it. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>

'''Ethiopia:''' The honey badger damages honey bee colonies in the months November to April due to increased brood and honey in the hives. <ref name="Awraris 2012"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

A. woodi - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:34:38Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Acarapis woodi''''' (Acari; Tarsonemidae) belongs to the '''tracheal mites''' and is known to infest '''young adult honey bees''' and nourish on their haemolymph. It has..."

'''''Acarapis woodi''''' (Acari; Tarsonemidae) belongs to the '''tracheal mites''' and is known to infest '''young adult honey bees''' and nourish on their haemolymph. It has been shown, that the presence of ''A. woodi'' negatively affects the life span of bees. Crane (1990) claimed that the infestation rate of ''A. woodi'' is correlated with the quality of the beekeeping and the richness of melliferous plants in the environment. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' There is information on the presence of ''A. woodi'', but none on the dangerousness of the parasite on African (i.e. Ethiopian) honey bee colonies. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Tropilaelaps spp. - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:34:12Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Tropilaelaps spp.''''' (Mesostigmata; Laelapidae) - ''T. clareae'' belongs to the '''tracheal mites''' and naturally infests ''A. dorsata'' colonies. ''T. clareae'' is no..."

'''''Tropilaelaps spp.''''' (Mesostigmata; Laelapidae) - ''T. clareae'' belongs to the '''tracheal mites''' and naturally infests ''A. dorsata'' colonies.
''T. clareae'' is not able to life longer than a few days on adult honey bees, but they are able to infest up to 90% of the brood. <ref name="Crane 1990">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> The infestation of ''T. clareae'' on '''[[Honey bee species and subspecies|''A. mellifera'']]''' colonies leads to severe damage, that are similar to those of '''''[[Varroa]] destructor'''''. <ref name="Oldroyd">Oldroyd, B. P., & Nanork, P. (2009). Conservation of Asian honey bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 296–312.</ref> Besides ''T. clarae'', other tropilaelaps species, namely ''T. mercedesae'' and ''T. koenigerum' are native to Asia. <ref>Denis, L., Anderson, D. L., & Morgan, M. J. (2007). Genetic and morphological variation of bee-parasitic ''Tropilaelaps'' mites (Acari: Laelapidae): new and re-defined species. Exp Appl Acarol, 43, 1-24.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' There is no information about a possible presence of ''Tropilaelaps spp.'' in Ethiopia.

==References==
<references/>

Varroa - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:33:39Z

KristinaG: Created page with "''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri'' '''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be..."

''' ''Varroa spp.'' '''(Acari; Varroidae)''' - ''V. destructor, V. jacobsoni, V. underwoodi, V. rindereri''

'''''Varroa''''' belongs to the parasitic mites and is known to be one of the most dangerous pests in honey bees worldwide. ''Varroa'' weakens the colony by feeding on their hemolymph and by acting as a vector for viruses and other pathogens. They enter brood prior capping and reproduce in the sealed brood cells. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref>Mengistu, S., Kebede, Y., & Begna, D. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-Varroa Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320–331.</ref> The natural host of ''V. destructor'' was the Asian honey bee ''A. cerana'', but due to a host-switch, when the Western honey bee was introduced to Asia, ''V. destructor'' spread worldwide. <ref>Botías, C., Anderson, D. L., Meana, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández, R., & Higes, M. (2012). Further evidence of an oriental origin for ''Nosema ceranae'' (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(1), 108–113.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' There are no reports of high colony losses that are directly linked to the parasitic, introduced ''V. destructor'' mite, thus in Ethiopia it is not common to treat infested honey bee colonies chemically. Surveys revealed, that most Ethiopian beekeepers do not know about the possible impact of ''V. destructor'' on their colonies. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> Researcher also do not rule out that honey bee populations in Africa may be more resistant against ''V. destructor'' due to several factors like '''[[climate]]''' conditions (i.e. almost no overwintering). <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Ants - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:31:22Z

KristinaG: Created page with "Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F...."

Many types of '''ants''' are known to affect honey bee colonies, by entering the hive and removing food and brood. <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> In general, the bees are able to defend their hive entrance against ant attacks, but if the colony is '''weakened''', or the particular ant species is known to act aggressive, ants can '''severely impac'''t the colony. <ref name="Morse 1990">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> To avoid an infestation with ants, Crane (1990) suggests to clean vegetation near the bee hives, use ant-proofed hive stands (long legs, that stand in shallow containers filled with oil, or diesel) and the use of pesticides. <ref name="Crane">Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' Ants are present and have a '''severe impact''' on weakened colonies (especially in honey bee hives with poor hive management). <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reveiled, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> In southeast Ethiopia ants belong to the most severe pests in beekeeping. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethlehem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> The assessment of an infestation with ants (western and southern Shoa zone) revealed that '''44.2%''' of honey bee colonies were yearly attacked by ants. '''24%''' of invaded honey bee colonies abscond, while '''4.2%''' are too weak to survive the ant attack. An overall '''economic loss of 3,839,810 Ethiopian Birr (ETB)/year''' is estimated due to infestations with ants. <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Coleoptera - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:25:31Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Aethina tumida''''' (Coleoptera; Nitidulidae) and species from the family '''Cetoniinae''' (e.g. ''Oplostomus fuligineus'', ''Oplostomus haroldi''; Coleoptera; Scarabaeid..."

'''''Aethina tumida''''' (Coleoptera; Nitidulidae) and species from the family '''Cetoniinae''' (e.g. ''Oplostomus fuligineus'', ''Oplostomus haroldi''; Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) are known as the '''small''', and the adult '''large hive beetle''', respectively. <ref name="Neumann 2015">Neumann, P., Pettis, J. S., & Schäfer, M. O. (2015). Quo vadis ''Aethina tumida''? Biology and control of small hive beetles. Apidologie, 47, 427–466.</ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> The large hive beetle consumes honey, pollen and honey bee brood. It invades the hive, instead of breeding in it. <ref>Crane, E. (1990). Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources. Heinemann Newnes.</ref> <ref>Ellis, J. D., Hepburn, H. R., Delaplane, K., Neumann, P., & Elzen, P. J. (2003). The effects of adult small hive beetles, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), on nests and flight activity of Cape and European honey bees (''Apis mellifera''). Apidologie 34, 399-408.</ref> The small hive beetle uses the honey bee hive as a protection from various environmental influences and as a food ressource. The larvae tunnel through the hive and comb store and cause damage to it (i.e. honey combs, brood and pollen). <ref name="Neumann 2015"/> Based on an endemic distribution range in sub-Saharan Africa, the SHB was brought over sea and introduced to other continents (i.e. America, Australia, Europe). <ref name="Ellis"/> Assuming the beetles are not present in numerous amount and the honey bee colony is not already weakened, it can be considered, that an infestation with Cetoniinae does not significantly impact the colony. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> Otherwise, the presence increases the rate of absconding in weakened honey bee colonies. In addition, they do play an important role as a vector of viruses and bacteria. <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
----

'''Ethiopia:''' Small (SHB) hive beetles, native to the sub-Saharan Africa, <ref name="Neumann 2015"/> and the large (LHB) hive beetle are present, but so far it is considered as a negligible pest. However, a study by Alemayehu et al. (2018) revealed, that the small hive beetle may have a negative effect on honey bee colonies, especially in poor managed apiaries and/or hives. <ref>Alemayehu, G., Amssalu, B., & Taye N. (2018). Investigating the effect and control of small hive beetle, ''Aethina tumida'' (murray) on honeybee colonies in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 6(8), 1-6.</ref> They described, that the presence of SHB led to severe reduction in honey bee products (honey, pollen, and also brood). The amount of SHB was higher in months following the dearth periods. Unfortunately, there is no further information on the impact and infestation rate of Cetoniinae on Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Ellis">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

G. mellonella - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:22:56Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining '''combs''' a..."

'''''Galleria mellonella''''' as well as '''''Achroia grisella''''' (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are also known as '''wax moths'''. Wax moth larvae consume remaining '''combs''' and '''stores'''. They are also known to not only infest living honey bee colonies, but also the '''wax comb storages''' of the beekeeper (i.e. field and store pest). They damage the honey bee colony by '''tunnelling''' through the hive with its honey combs, brood and even through the wood. By reducing the mass of the combs, an infestation with wax moths can lead to '''bald brood''' and '''galleriasis'''. The moths can also function as '''vector''' for pathogens. In general, it can be considered, that an infestation with wax moths get severe, if the honey bee colony was already '''weakened''' in the first place. <ref name="Morse 1990>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA. </ref> <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> <ref name="Pribadi 2016">Pribadi, A. (2016). Hama Dan Penyakit Pada Lebah ''Apis cerana'' Fabr. Pemeliharaan Di Areal Hutan Tanaman ''Acacia mangium'' Wild. Dan ''Acacia crassicarpa'' Wild. Galam, 2(1), 41-54.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' Wax moths are present all over Ethiopia (>20% investation level) with the highest prevalence in the months December to March. A study revealed that among the infested colonies, 56-75% absconded or were affected by the parasite. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref name="Desalegn 2015">Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96.</ref> A study conducted by Tolera & Dejene (2014) reported, that wax moths are one of the most threatening pests in the Jimma Zone. Participant beekeepers reported, that 18% of their honey bee colonies were weak and affected by a numerous amount of wax moths. <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with wax moths (''G. mellonella, Achroia grisella''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Chalkbrood - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:17:57Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the..."

'''''Ascosphaera apis''''' (Onygenales; Ascosphaeraceae) is known to be a heterothallic fungi and the causative agent of the '''chalkbrood disease'''. Germinated spores in the intestinal tract of the brood lead to a mummification of the host. If untreated, the pathogen causes death of infected brood due to enzymatic toxicological and mechanical damage. <ref> Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' ''A. apis'' is present and its geographical distribution and infestation rate is unequal within Ethiopia. Desalegn (2006) surveyed apiaries around Holeta and found that chalkbrood occurred in 17.4% of inspected honey bee colonies. <ref>Desalegn, B. R. (2006). Chalk Brood in Ethiopia. Bees for Development Journal, 78, 8.</ref> Unfortunately, only cryptic information is available on chalkbrood disease in Ethiopia (e.g. treatment options, distribution pattern, severity, ...). <ref>Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref> <ref>Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref> According to a local scientist, chalkbrood is nowadays common in Ethiopian honey bee colonies, but the disease seems to have minor effects on the colonies, and therefore no treatment is applied (pers. communication with the Holeta Bee Research Center).

==References==
<references/>

Nosema - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:17:26Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse..."

'''''Nosema spp.''''' (Dissociodihaplophasida; Nosematidae) is known to be a parasitic microsporidian and the causative agent of '''nosemosis'''. <ref name="Morse 1997">Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> The infectious non-germinated spore of the pathogen is transmitted through the oral-faecal route of adult bees, or through mating. The most popular treatment in many countries is "fumagillin". While ''N. apis'' has a relatively wide distribution with a prevalence for colder climate, ''N. ceranae'' is mostly prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics. <ref name="Mumoki 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' ''Nosema'' existence in Ethiopia has been reported for the first time in 1989 by the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC), Holeta. In a study by Desalegn and Amssalu (2015) over 200 honey bee colonies from all over Ethiopia were analysed and 37% were tested positive for ''N. apis''. They further investigated the severity of an infestation and concluded, that this disease is considered to be a negligible risk for Ethiopian honey bee colonies. <ref name="Mumoki 2014"/> <ref>Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee diseases and Pests research progress in Ethiopia: A review. African Journal of Insect, 3(1), 93-96. </ref><ref name="Ellis 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> Nothing is known about the presence of ''N. ceranae'' in Ethiopia.

==References==
<references/>

Foulbrood - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:16:29Z

KristinaG: Created page with "The '''European (EFB)''' and '''American (AFB) foulbrood disease''' are caused by ''Paenibacillus larvae'' and ''Melissoccocus plutonius'' two widespread bacteria, respectivel..."

The '''European (EFB)''' and '''American (AFB) foulbrood disease''' are caused by ''Paenibacillus larvae'' and ''Melissoccocus plutonius'' two widespread bacteria, respectively. While both pests are highly contagious diseases, AFB is known to be more acute and wider distributed. <ref>Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473-487.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' The status of foulbrood is unknown, but AFB and EFB are present in the neighboring country Eritrea, while it is absent, or suspected to be absent in Kenya, Sudan, South-Sudan and Uganda. <ref>Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88-101.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Viruses - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:15:01Z

KristinaG: Created page with "Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known globally. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Dém..."

Pirk and colleagues reviewed, that in the year 2015, at least 23 "honey bee viruses" were known globally. <ref name="Pirk 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>. Important viruses reported in Asia and/or Africa are: '''Black Queen Cell Virus''' (BQCV), '''Sacbrood Virus''' (SBV), '''Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus''' (IAPV), '''Deformed Wing Virus''' (DWV), '''Varroa destructor Virus 1''' (VDV-1) and '''Acute/Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus''' (ABPV and CBPV). <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref>Morse, R. A., & Nowogrodzki, R. (1990). Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing Associates, USA.</ref> Despite there may be similar symptoms such as wing deformation in DWV and VDV-1, the pathogenesis of mentioned viruses differ from each other. The symptoms range from loss of hair to even paralysis of bees. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> <ref>Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:''' So far, 9 different viruses affecting honey bee health were detected in Africa. <ref name="Pirk 2015"/> While multiple viruses were observed in the neighbouring countries ('''[[Threats for introduction of new pests]]'''), <ref>Kajobe, R., Marris, G., Budge, G., Laurenson, L., Cordoni, G., Jones, B., … Brown, M. A. (2010). First molecular detection of a viral pathogen in Ugandan honey bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 104(2), 153–156.</ref> <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref> there is a lack of information regarding the honey bee virus status in Ethiopia.

==References==
<references/>

Honey bee health (Overview) - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:12:11Z

KristinaG: Created page with "The table below represents a list of the most important pests and pathogens including some predators, affecting the health of honey bees in Ethiopia. Table: Pests and pathoge..."

The table below represents a list of the most important pests and pathogens including some predators, affecting the health of honey bees in Ethiopia.

Table: Pests and pathogens present in Ethiopian honey bee colonies. N/A (not available) stands for a lack of data, +/- stands for a present/absent pest/pathogen.

{| class="wikitable"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Viruses]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Protozoa'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Bacteria'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Fungi'''
| colspan="6" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Insecta'''
| colspan="4" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Birds'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Mammals'''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Amoeba'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Foulbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Nosema]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Chalkbrood]]'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Lepidoptera'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Diptera'''
| colspan="2" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''[[Coleoptera]]'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Hymenoptera'''
| colspan="3" align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Parasitic mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''Tracheal mites'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
| align=center style="color:#000000;" |
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | DWV, IAPV, SBV, VDV-1
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''M. mellificae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | AFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | EFB
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''N. ceranae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. apis''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[G. mellonella]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. grisella ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[B. coeca]] ''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''A. tumida''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Cetoniinae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | [[Ants]]
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Varroa]] destructor''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''V. jacobsoni''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[Tropilaelaps spp.]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''[[A. woodi]]''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Meropidae''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | ''Mellivora capensis''
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|rowspan="1"|'''Ethiopia'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014">Haylegebriel, T. (2014). Honey bee diseases, pest and their economic importance in Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 10(2), 527-535.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Ellis & Munn 2005">Ellis, J. D., & Munn, P. A. (2005). The worldwide health status of honey bees. Bee World, 86(4), 88–101.</ref> <ref name="Mumoki et al. 2014">Mumoki, F. N., Fombong, A., Muli, E., Muigai, A. W. T., & Masiga, D. (2014). An Inventory of Documented Diseases of African Honeybees. African Entomology, 22(3), 473–487.</ref> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015">Pirk, C. W. W., Strauss, U., Yusuf, A. A., Démares, F., & Human, H. (2015). Honeybee health in Africa—a review. Apidologie, 47(3), 276–300.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Tolera & Dejene 2014"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Adeday, G., Shiferaw, M., & Abebe, F. (2012). Prevalence of Bee Lice ''Braula coeca'' (Diptera: Braulidae) and Other Perceived Constraints to Honey Bee Production in Wukro Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8(6), 631-635.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Haylegebriel 2014"/> <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Teklu">Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref>Muli, E., Patch, H., Frazier, M., Frazier, J., Torto, B., Baumgarten, T., …, & Grozinger, C. (2014). Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') populations in East Africa. PloS One, 9(4), e94459.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''N/A'''
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Pirk et al. 2015"/> <ref name="Teklu"/> <ref name="Awraris">Awraris, G., S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>
| align=center style="color:#000000;" | '''+''' <ref name="Awraris"/> <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref>
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|}

'''Ethiopia''': The Holeta Bee Research Center initiated nationwide surveys (5 years rhythm) during the brood season of honey bees to assess the honey bee health in Ethiopia. To detect possible introduced pest/predators/pathogens, the disease monitoring is mainly focused on two areas, one in and around the capital Addis Ababa with its international airport as a risk factor, and the other area near the country's international boarders (pers. communication).

==References==
<references/>

Status of pollination business

2021-02-23T10:10:46Z

KristinaG:

The pollination through animals and especially through insects is important for the reproduction of many crops and wild plant species <ref>Corbet, S. A. 1991 Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European community. Bee World 72, 47–59.</ref> <ref>Williams, I. H. 1994 The dependences of crop production within the European Union on pollination by honey bees. Agric. Zool. Rev. 6, 229–257.</ref> <ref>Westerkamp, C. & Gottsberger, G. 2000 Diversity pays in crop pollination. Crop Sci. 40, 1209–1222.</ref> [[Important crops and insect pollination]]

While the knowledge on the importance of bees as pollinators exists in '''Ethiopia''', there is '''no pollination business''' (pers. communication with Holeta Bee Research Center). In Indonesia also '''no pollination business''' exists. According to local scientists (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia), many farmers do not believe in the importance of bees as pollinators and further think that bees harm their crops. In a consequence, scientific studies and the support of NGOs and GOs are from great interest to dam prejudices against honey bees.

==References==
<references/>

Beekeeping associations - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:10:11Z

KristinaG: Created page with "In Europe a beekeeping association is a kind of club, that educates, assists, informs, insures and brings together local and national beekeepers. They support the country's be..."

In Europe a beekeeping association is a kind of club, that educates, assists, informs, insures and brings together local and national beekeepers. They support the country's bees and beekeepers and have also certain responsibilities (regular meetings where they talk about changes in the beekeeping practice, inform about diseases, act as a contact for club members etc...). The beekeepers join those associations and usually pay a membership fee in exchange of using the provided services. Similar organized associations exist in '''Ethiopia'''. In addition there are numerous projects aiming the improvement of the apicultural sector, but projects always have an expiring date.

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'''Ethiopia:''' In Ethiopa there exist three beekeeping associatons: '''Ethiopian Apiculture Board (EAB)''', '''Ethiopian Society of Apiculture Science (ESAS)''' and '''Ethiopian Honey and Beeswax Producers and Exporters Association (EHBPEA)'''. '''EAB''' was established in 2009 and it aims to improve the honey production and productivity by ensuring quality production and safety issues. The Ministry of Agriculture is the patron of '''EAB'''. <ref>Negash, B., Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> About 10 years ago, SOS-Sahal was an important beekeeping project, providing beekeeping training. <ref>Gupta, R. K., Reybroeck, W., van Veen, J. W., & Gupta, A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands.</ref> With the support of SOS Sahel and other co-operatives (individual farmers and beekeepers), the '''Zembaba Bee Products Development''' & '''Trade Promotion Cooperative Union''' was established. This is no classical beekeeping association, but they offer training, good materials and market information, they assist members and improve methods of production and the main objective is to promote the market for honey bee products in the Amhara region. Zembaba Union also exports honey to foreign markets. Union members have to have 2 years of experience as beekeepers and they provide an agreed amount of honey to the co-operatives, which sell it to domestic markets. Afterwards, they distribute the annual profit to all the members <ref>Mekonnen, S. (2008). Increasing marketing opportunities in Amhara Region Ethiopia. Bees for Development, 86, text on website. URL (access date: 14.11.2018): http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/documents/i/increasing-marketing-opportunities-in-amhara-region-ethiopia/ </ref>. Projects like '''ASPIRE''' (Apiculture Scaling up Program for Income and Rural Employment) and government initiatives like '''ATA''' (Agricultural Transformation Agency) aiming also the supporting of beekeeping interests. In addition, a lot of '''organizations''' (GOs and NGOs) and '''initiatives''' offer training on beekeeping every year. Despite all the efforts, the apisector still develops '''very slowly'''. <ref>ASPIRE (2018). Apiculture Scaling up Program for Income and Rural Employment. URL (access date: 11.06.2018): http://www.snv.org/project/apiculture-scale-programme-income-and-rural-employment</ref> <ref>ATA (2018) Agricultural Transformation Agency. URL (access date: 11.06.2018): https://www.ata.gov.et/</ref> Other bee projects in Ethiopia: Improving the Productivity and Market Success of Ethiopian Farmers (IPMS) project, project funded by the Canadian International and implemented by ILRI, Facilitator for Change project implemented by Oxfam GB, Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Commissioned by: GIZ, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Young Entrepreneurs in Silk and Honey (YESH), by icipe etc...

==References==
<references/>

Status of pollination business - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:08:13Z

KristinaG: Created page with "The pollination through animals and especially through insects is important for the reproduction of many crops and wild plant species <ref>Corbet, S. A. 1991 Bees and the poll..."

The pollination through animals and especially through insects is important for the reproduction of many crops and wild plant species <ref>Corbet, S. A. 1991 Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European community. Bee World 72, 47–59.</ref> <ref>Williams, I. H. 1994 The dependences of crop production within the European Union on pollination by honey bees. Agric. Zool. Rev. 6, 229–257.</ref> <ref>Westerkamp, C. & Gottsberger, G. 2000 Diversity pays in crop pollination. Crop Sci. 40, 1209–1222.</ref> [[Important crops and insect pollination]]
In Ethiopia, no studies exist on pollination businesses. Pers. communication with experts from Holeta Bee Research Institution in Ethiopia, beekeepers also do not practice beekeeping for pollination. Scientific studies and the support of NGOs and GOs are from great interest to dam prejudices against honey bees.

==References==
<references/>

Status of migratory beekeeping

2021-02-23T10:04:20Z

KristinaG:

'''Ethiopia:''' There is almost '''no information''' available on migratory beekeeping in Ethiopia, but it is considerd as a '''rare practice'''. <ref>Kibebew, W. (in press). Investigating the effect of migratory beekeeping on honey production in East and west Shewa Zones of Oromia. (status: 11.06.2018).</ref> It is known, that in a region called Gijjam, simple migratory beekeeping is practiced. It is done for '''additional income''', instead of increasing pollination. Farmers close the traditional baskets with fresh cow dung and carry the hives on the shoulders to the selected fields. <ref>Fichtl, R., & Adi, A. (1994). Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag Germany.</ref> A recent study describes the great potential of migratory beekeeping in Ethiopia by increased honey production and reduced feeding costs. Even though costs for migrating colonies increased slightly, the action is benefitting by an average netto income increase of 67.8%. <ref>Kumsa, T., Bareke, T. & Addi, A. (2020): Migratory Beekeeping as Strategy to Harvest Multiseason Honey in Ethiopia, Bee World, DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2020.1812896</ref>

'''Indonesia:''' There is a '''lack of nationwide data''' on migratory beekeeping in Indonesia, but in '''Java''', migratory beekeeping is practiced with ''A. mellifera'' colonies, locally familiar as "mobile" beekeeping. Local habitants, stakeholders, landowners and official government representatives are owners of gardens, including their potential forage plants for honey bees. They often do not know about the benefits, and the role of the honey bee as a pollinator and therefore, the '''rejection of honey bees''' by the population is great. In addition to missing regulations on bee hive placement and extensive monocultures, mobile beekeeping evolved and today is still a common practice in Java. <ref>Kahono, S., Chantawannakul, P., & Engel, M. S. (2018). Social Bees and the Current Status of Beekeeping in Indonesia. In book: Asian Beekeeping in the 21st Century. Springer, Singapore, 287-306.</ref> One example of a '''migration schedule''' of ''A. mellifera'' in Java was given by a local scientist (Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia) who cooperated with the national State Forest Own Company (PERHUTANI): in May to July ''A. mellifera'' hives are placed in Central Java to forage on mostly kapok and randu, in August they are moved to Mt. Arca and Sukabumi to forage on calliandra, from September to October, beekeepers place their hives in Subang (rambutan forage), from November to April ''A. mellifera'' colonies are found in Cimangkok and Sukabumi to collect pollen of maize-plants. The detailed process of migrating, including the transport and handling of hives, is unknown.

==References==
<references/>

Status of migratory beekeeping - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T10:04:06Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''Ethiopia:''' There is almost '''no information''' available on migratory beekeeping in Ethiopia, but it is considerd as a '''rare practice'''. <ref>Kibebew, W. (in press)...."

Biggest problems in beekeeping - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T09:53:46Z

KristinaG: Created page with "The following assessment of constraints and problems may not be representative for the whole target country due to variability in local culture and conditions. In a consequenc..."

The following assessment of constraints and problems may not be representative for the whole target country due to variability in local culture and conditions. In a consequence, regionally conducted scientific efforts may be contribute in the development of the whole country's beesector.

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'''Ethiopia''': Unsteady yield leads to unsteady income. Due to several factors like '''poor management''' of honey bee colonies and '''traditional production systems''', the productivity and quality of bee products in Ethiopia is considered low. <ref>Beyene, T., Abi, D., Chalchissa, G., WoldaTsadik, M., (2016). Evaluation of transitional and modern hives for honey production in the Mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 64(1), 157–165.</ref> The main problems are limited availability of '''[[bee forage]]''' (poisonous plants, seasonal availability, deforestation), '''water shortage''' (drought), the '''swarming behavior and absconding''' of honey bees, '''colony mortality''', '''reduction of honey bee colonies''', '''[[Honey bee health (Overview)|pests and predators]]''' ([[ants]], honey badger, wax moths, ''[[Varroa]]''...), '''absence or poor quality of beekeeping equipment/materials''', indiscriminate use of '''pesticides and herbicides''', the '''lack of storage and marketing facilities''' and, in general, a '''lack of know how'''. <ref>Gidey, Y., Bethelhem, K., Dawit, K., & Alem, M. (2012). Assessment of beekeeping practices in Asgede Tsimbla district, Northern Ethiopia: Absconding, bee forage and bee pests. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1), 1-5.</ref> <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref>Legesse, G. Y. (2014). Review of progress in Ethiopian honey production and marketing. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 26(1), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Sisay, F., Gebremedhin, G., & Awoke, K. (2015). Assessment of Beekeeping Practices (Absconding, Bee Forage and Bee
Diseases and Pests) in Jigjiga Zone, Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. Poult Fish Wildl Sci, 3(135), 1-8.</ref> <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> A study by Tesfaey & Tesfaye (2007) revealed that '''98%''' of respondents, living in the mid rift valley region, never participated on any '''training''' in terms of beekeeping. Furthermore, beekeeping seems to be uninteresting for some of the surveyed people due to above-mentioned '''constraints''' and due to a '''combination''' of those factors. <ref> Tesfaye, K., & Tesfaye, L. (2007). Study of honey production system in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha district in mid rift valley of Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(11), 1-9.</ref> Internal hive inspection seems to be totally unknown among many beekeepers, although they were visiting their hives for external inspection regularly. Most beekeepers do not know about the impact of '''supplementary food''' after honey harvesting season, nor about the importance of controlling swarming events (see: "'''[[Hive Management]]'''"-swarming prevention) of honey bees. <ref> Solomon, B. (2009). Indigenous knowledge and its relevance for sustainable beekeeping development: a case study in the Highlands of Southeast Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(11), 1-12.</ref> Conductors involved in the project ASPIRE, that assessed problems in business development, found out, that smallholder beekeepers especially suffer under a '''lack of credit/finance''', a '''loose linkage of producer-processor market''', '''low quality''' in honey bee products, '''supply chain problems''' for inputs, '''international market linkages''' and the '''capacity border''' of sector associations. <ref name=”Negash 2017”> Negash, B., & Greiling, J. (2017). Quality Focused Apiculture Sector Value Chain Development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7(2), 107-116.</ref> Pots, skins and fertilizer bags are often used for honey packaging, but they are not suitable for it, which results in a decrease of honey quality. The '''transport''' from rural to urban regions often takes place with the use of labor animals, due to a lack of infrastructure. <ref>SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> Approximately '''95%''' of bee '''[[hive types|hives]]''' in Ethiopia are '''traditional''' bee hives, that are '''difficult to manage''' and of '''low productivity'''. <ref name=”Negash 2017”/> Traditional hives cannot be managed probably (no moveable frames) and this results in the damage of honey bee colonies during harvesting which causes severe population reduction. Traditional beekeeping with traditional hives (e.g. log hives) often contains the involvement of climbing high trees. Due to Ethiopian culture, climbing trees and therefore practicing forest beekeeping is not allowed for females. <ref>Awraris, G. S., Yemisrach, G., Dejen, A., Nuru, A., Gebeyehu, G., & Workneh, A. (2012). Honey production systems (''Apis mellifera'' L.) in Kaffa, Sheka and Bench-Maji zones of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 4(19), 528-541.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

Locally adapted hive management interventions (good beekeeping practice) - Ethiopia

2021-02-23T09:53:17Z

KristinaG: Created page with "'''Ethiopia''': In Ethiopia, there are decrees and proclamations by the government (pers. communication with HBRC): 1. Registration and control of pesticides, special Dec..."

'''Ethiopia''': In Ethiopia, there are decrees and proclamations by the government (pers. communication with HBRC):
1. Registration and control of pesticides, special Decree No. 20/1990 to lay a scheme of registration and control of hazardous chemicals to life and products of honeybees
2. Apiculture Resources Development and Protection Proclamation, No. 660/2009 for development and protection of apiculture resources.

Regarding scientific efforts, the Holeta Bee Research Center (HBRC) is the main institution for apicultural research, but since 2008, seven federal agricultural research centers and seventeen
regional centers started to engage apicultural research activities. <ref>Amssalu, B. (2016). Apiculture Research Achievements, Challenges and Future Prospects in Ethiopia. In: Agricultural Research for
Ethiopian Renaissance Challenges, Opportunities and Directions. Proceedings of the National Conference on Agricultural Research for Ethiopian Renaissance. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</ref> <ref>Hailemichael, T. B. (2018). The status of beekeeping practices and honey production system in Ethiopia-a review. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, 6(2), 581-585.</ref> As mentioned in the chapters '''[[honey]]''' and '''[[hive types]]''', 95% of the beekeepers use traditional hives, but most of HBRC's research is based on modern technology and modern management systems aiming the development of the bee sector in the country (pers. communication with HBRC). Nevertheless, results may not be adapted to the actual situation in the country and therefore more than one research institution is needed to cover the widely used traditional system on the one hand and further promote modern techniques on the other hand.

To achieve the goal of exporting honey bee products into the EU, certain '''quality standards''' have to be achieved. The '''Strategic Intervention Plan''', written by SNV/Ethiopia in 2005 listed approaches to increase the quality of '''[[honey bee products and honey bee sector|honey bee products]]'''. <ref name="SNV">SNV/Ethiopia (2005). Strategic intervention plan on honey & beeswax value-chains, snv support to business organizations and their access to markets (boam).</ref> It has to be mentioned, that those criteria are equally important for Ethiopia and Indonesia, as well as for every other non-EU-country.

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# The use of antibiotics as a '''preventive measure''' is forbidden. If the use is necessary, you have to follow the instructions exactly and remove all supers from the hive.
# During '''honey flow periods''', you should '''not''' feed supplementary sugar or sugar syrup.
# Remove all frames, containing '''fermented''' honey, or '''moldy''' pollen.
# To prevent tobacco taste and its tar residues, avoid the '''excessive use''' of a smoker while harvesting.
# To avoid high moisture content, only harvest frames that are '''at least 70%''' sealed.
# If necessary, use '''chemical repellents''' for harvesting carefully.
# Supplement food should be positioned on an '''upturned''' hive cover instead of putting it on the ground.
# The honey extraction should take place in a room that is '''protected''' from external moisture and honey bees.
# To avoid the rotting of the hive, all component parts (floor, walls partitions) should have a '''waterproofed surface'''.
# Do '''not heat''' honey '''above''' 40.6 °C to avoid the production of HMF (Hydroxymethylfurfural).
# Machines and containers have to be '''sealed''' with '''food-quality''' paint, or contain of '''stainless steel''' or food-quality plastic.
# Do '''not''' smoke during the honey extraction.
# To remove big pieces of wax, '''filter''' the honey after extracting process.
# Do not store honey in rooms with '''high''' temperature, nor at places exposed to the '''sun'''.
# To avoid the re-uptake of external moisture, be sure to properly '''seal/shut''' honey containers.
# Do '''not''' collect pollen during honey harvesting season.
# Working with food and non-food products requires '''separate steps'''.
# If hives are placed in a "honey house", do not clean it, until all honey has been '''stored''' in airtight containers.
# Chemical products (detergents, glue for labels, medicine, insecticides, herbicides, ...) have to be stored '''separately''' from the extraction room.
# Do not use '''used''' oil barrels (even when waxed).

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==References==
<references/>