View source for Treatments (if any) commonly applied to different pests

Ritter and Akratanakul (2006) published a guide that summarizes the most common honey bee pests and diseases as well as its most favourable '''treatment methods'''. The publication is available as '''open access''' via the website of FAO. <ref>Ritter, W., & Akratanakul, P. (2006). Agricultural and Food Engineering Technical Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 4, 1-39. URL (access date: 14.06.2018): www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/a0849e/A0849e00.pdf</ref>
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'''Ethiopia:'''  To treat an infestation with '''[[ants]]''', Ethiopian beekeepers use several methods such as placing the hive on small cans and fill them with ash and dirty engine oil, bring out ash around the '''[[hive types|hive]]''', frequent smoking or using  local eucalyptus leaves for fumigation. <ref>Gidey, Y., & Mekonen, T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. CNCS, 2(1), 76-92.</ref> <ref name="Teklu 2016">Teklu, G. W. (2016). Survey on honeybee pests and predators in Sidama and Gedeo zones of Southern Ethiopia with emphasis on control practices. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 7(4), 173-181.</ref> Several studies revealed, that ants are one of the most threatening pests in Ethiopia. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> <ref>Tolera, K., & Dejene, T. (2014). Assessment of the effect of seasonal honeybee management on honey production of Ethiopian honeybee (''Apis mellifera'') in modern beekeeping in Jimma Zone. Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(5), 246–254.</ref>  Modern methods include the use of benzene, malathion and smooth iron sheets. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> People use dogs or cats, fence their apiaries or hang their hives into trees to protect them from predators like '''[[Others|honey badgers or mice]]'''. One traditional method to "treat" an infestation with '''[[B. coeca|bee lice]]''' is smoking or fumigating the hive with e.g. tobacco, dung, grass, or offer supplemental food. <ref name="Bekele"/> So far, no information on regular treatment against '''''[[varroa]]''''' mites was published, it therefore can be considered, that in most regions of Ethiopia, no treatment at all is applied. Reasons may be a  lack of knowledge on the severe impact of '''''Varroa'' spp.''' on honey bees or simply a higher resistance of African honey bee populations may be possible. Studies suggested, that '''[[propolis]]''' acts as a natural acaricide and therefore may be a possible treatment method against '''''[[Varroa]]'''''. <ref>Ebisa, M., Eyob, H., Dasselegn, B., Lama, Y., Abdisa B., & Misganu, C. (2016). Occurrence and Distribution of ''Varroa'' Mite and Antivarroa Effect of Propolis in Walmara District of Oromia Special Zone Around Finfine, Ethiopia.  Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7(5), 1-6.</ref> <ref>Shimelis, M., Yared, K., & Desalegn, B. (2016). Major Honey Bee Health Problem with Particular Emphasis to Anti-''Varroa'' Investigation of Propolis in Toke-Kutaye District, Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 11(5), 320-331.</ref> In a study conducted by Teklu (2016), beekeepers from southern Ethiopia practiced following traditional methods to destroy mites in the hives: burning, killing, and removing the whole hive. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/>  To treat an infestation with the '''[[Coleoptera|Small Hive Beetle]]''' (SHB), Alemayehu et al. (2018) recommend to combine seasonal colony management (removing unoccupied frames, regular hive cleaning, additional feeding in the dearth period, …) with the trapping of '''SHB'''s’ larvae by dead brood trap to increase the treatment success. <ref>Alemayehu, G., Amssalu, B., & Taye N. (2018). Investigating the effect and control of small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (murray) on honeybee colonies in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 6(8), 1-6.</ref> Other treatment methods include the use of DDT, or roach killer but those methods have a negative effect on the environment. <ref name="Teklu 2016"/> Cleaning the apiary, removing of old combs or hives and strengthening of the colony are considered methods to treat an infestation, or to avoid one with '''[[G. mellonella|wax moths]]''' ('''''G. mellonella''''', '''''Achroia grisella'''''). <ref>Yetimwork, G., Berhan, T., & Desalegn, B. (2015). Honeybee production trend, potential and constraints in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 6(1), 22-29.</ref> Summarized, traditional control methods against ants, wax moths, beetles mammals or birds are practiced<ref>Teklu, G. (2016) Assessment of major Honey bee flora resources on selected districts of Sidama and Gedeo zones of South nations nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, 4(2), 368-381.</ref>, but the treatment of "unvisible" organisms like fungi, or bacteria is not common at all. <ref name="Bekele">Bekele, T., Genet, D., & Temaro, G. (2017). Assessment of honeybee enemies (pests and predators) in Bale zone, southeastern Ethiopia. J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev., 9(4), 53-61.</ref>



'''Indonesia:''' So far, there is almost '''no information''' on treatment methods against pests affecting honey bees in Indonesia! Local beekeepers reported about killing wasps and hornets in the apiary.



==References==
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